Hypoxia and exercise: novel treatment strategy for muscle growth and weight loss.

La investigación previa en el uso del entrenamiento en hipoxia se ha centrado en las adaptaciones y respuestas fisiológicas derivadas de estos programas en deportes de resistencia y deportes colectivos. Además, en los últimos años ha surgido una aplicación terapéutica del uso de la hipoxia como tratamiento coadyuvante en patologías como la obesidad, la diabetes o la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. A pesar de estos estudios, el análisis de la efectividad de estos tratamientos sobre el aumento de la masa muscular y el descenso de la masa grasa, así como de la mejora de diferentes capacidades y componentes del fitness cardiorrespiratorio y otras adaptaciones neuromusculares no ha sido estudiada previamente a pesar de su vital importancia para una correcta aplicación y dosificación de esta estrategia terapéutica. Por ello, se planteó la presente tesis doctoral, cuyo objetivo fue analizar la eficacia del condicionamiento hipóxico como herramienta para la mejora fisiológica, neuromuscular y de la composición corporal. Para ello, en primer lugar, se analizó a través de dos meta-análisis la respuesta del condicionamiento hipóxico sobre el aumento de la masa muscular y sobre el descenso de la masa grasa, peso y otros marcadores cardiometabólicos. Por otro lado, se analizó la respuesta fisiológica y el rendimiento ante una sesión de entrenamiento en circuito en condiciones de hipoxia moderada y alta y, por último, se analizó el efecto de un programa de 8 semanas de duración de este tipo de entrenamiento sobre la composición corporal, variables neuromusculares y cardiorrespiratorias en sujetos activos entrenados en fuerza. Los resultados mostraron que desde el punto de vista meta-analítico, el condicionamiento hipóxico reduce el peso corporal, la masa grasa, el ratio cintura-cadera, la circunferencia de la cintura y muestra una tendencia a una mayor ganancia de masa muscular, área de sección transversal del músculo y un aumento de la fuerza. Además, el entrenamiento o exposición a hipoxia desciende los triglicéridos con una tendencia a tener un efecto adicional sobre el mismo programa en normoxia. También, el condicionamiento hipóxico desciende el LDL y la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica. Por otro lado, una sesión de entrenamiento en circuito en hipoxia desciende la potencia y la fuerza desarrollada, aumenta la percepción de esfuerzo y produce un mayor estrés sobre el sistema nervioso autónomo, un mayor desequilibrio ácido-base, una mayor contribución del metabolismo anaeróbico y un mayor gasto calórico posterior al ejercicio. Además, 8 semanas de entrenamiento en circuito bajo hipoxia incrementa la hipertrofia del músculo, aumentan la fuerza y cambian la arquitectura muscular. También, este tipo de programa mejora el índice de fatiga de un test sprints repetidos e incrementa la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria de los participantes. Estos resultados, nos permiten tener un mejor conocimiento de la efectividad de estos programas para optimizar la composición corporal y mejorar el estado de forma física y la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria y parámetros cardiometabólicos que podrán ser utilizados para mejorar los tratamientos y entrenamientos tanto en pacientes como en deportistas.Medicin

Effectiveness of Reverse vs. Traditional Linear Training Periodization in Triathlon

The present research aimed to analyze the modification in performance, body composition, and autonomic modulation of reverse and traditional linear training periodization in amateur triathletes.We analyzed running and swimming performance, strengthmanifestation, body composition, and autonomic modulation before and after a traditional linear training periodization (four weeks of volume-based training plus four weeks of intensity-based training plus two-week tapering), a reverse linear training periodization (four weeks of intensity-based training plus four weeks of volume-based training plus two-week tapering), and a free training control physical active group (10-week free training) in 32 amateur athletes. Independently of the periodization model, the combination of two four-week mesocycles followed by a two-week taper is an e ciency strategy to avoid overreaching, obtaining an increase in parasympathetic modulation. Moreover, both types of training periodization proposed in this study do not modified body composition of amateur triathletes. Also, compared with traditional periodization, reverse periodization e ciently improves horizontal jump performance. Finally, reverse and traditional periodization were an e ective strategy to improve running biomechanical, performance, and physiological variables, as well as e cient periodization strategies to improve swimming technical ability, aerobic, and anaerobic swimming performance

Effects of whole-body vibration training in patients with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review

Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. MS is characterised by nerve demyelination that can alter nerve transmission and lead to such symptoms as fatigue, muscle weakness, and impaired motor function. There are 47 000 people with MS in Spain. Vibration training can be an effective and complementary alternative to traditional exercise to treat patients with MS. The aim of this study was to analyse the effectiveness of vibration training programmes in patients with MS. Development We searched 5 electronic databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, SciELO, Lilacs, IBECS, and ISI Web of Knowledge) in August 2015. By using a set of keywords, we found studies linking vibration training and MS and included randomised controlled trials that applied vibration training to patients with MS. Our search yielded 71 studies. Only 9 of them were included after removing duplicate studies and those which were not relevant according to our selection criteria. These studies obtained different outcomes. Conclusions Some studies found improvements in muscle strength, functional capacity, coordination, resistance, balance, and some areas of MSSS-88. However, we identified limitations in some of these studies and there are still few publications on vibration training and multiple sclerosis to ensure training effectiveness.Actividad Física y Deport

Body Composition, Psychological, Cardiovascular, and Physical Activity Factors Related with Academic School Performance

The aim of the present study was to analyse body composition, anxiety, cardiovascular, and physical activity factors related with academic performance of school students as well as to analyse differences, by age, in these factors. We analysed in 266 primary school students’ (8.81 ± 1.62 years, range: 5–13 years) heart rate, anthropometric variables to calculate body mass index, physical activity performance, anxiety levels and academic results by the average of marks. Students were divided in two different groups, firstly by their lower or higher academic performance, and secondly by age. Results showed a negative correlation between academic performance and age, weight, body mass index and trait anxiety variables. Additionally, significant differences were found by age, presenting older students higher scores in body mass index and lower physical activity, trait anxiety, heart rate and academic performance values than younger students. Overweight and obesity may have a great impact in academic performance in children and we pointed out the necessity to establish programs related with healthy habits which include improvements in physical activity and nutrition behaviours with the objective to enhance children’s health general status, psychological profile, cognitive and motor development, and academic performance

Efectos sobre la composición corporal y la densidad mineral ósea de un programa de altitud simulada en triatletas

Introduction: body composition is an important factor to improve athletic performance. Futhermore, bone mineral density informs about the bone stiffness of the skeletal system. Objective: the aim of the present research was to analyze modifications on body composition and bone mineral density parameters after a seven week intermittent hypoxia training (IHT) program. Methods: eighteen male trained triathletes were divided in two groups: an intermittent hypoxia training group (GIHT: n: 9; 26.0 ± 6.7 years; 173.3 ± 5.9 cm; 66.4 ± 5.9 kg; VO2  max: 59.5  ±  5.0 ml/kg/min) that conducted a normoxic training plus an IHT and a control group (GC: n: 9; 29.3 ± 6.8 years; 174.9 ± 4.6 cm; 59.7 ± 6.8 kg; VO2 max: 58.9 ± 4.5 ml/kg/min) that performed only a normoxic training. Training process was standardized across the two groups. The IHT program consisted on two 60 minutes sessions per week at intensities over the anaerobic threshold and atmospheric conditions between 14.5 and 15% FiO2. Results: Before and after the seven week training, body composition and bone mineral density were analyzed. After this training program, the GIHT showed lower values in free fat mass in upper limbs and fat mass in lower limbs (p < 0.05) than before the program. In terms of bone mineral density variables, between the two groups no changes were found. Conclusion: the addition of an IHT program to normoxic training caused an improvement in body composition parameters compared to similar training under normoxic conditions.Actividad Física y Deport

Effects of Resistance Circuit-Based Training on Body Composition, Strength and Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

We assessed the effects of resistance circuit-based training (CT) on strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body composition. A systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted in three databases, ending on March, 2020. Meta-analysis and subgroup analysis were used to analyze the effects of pre–post-intervention CT and differences from control groups (CG). Of the 830 studies found, 45 were included in the meta-analysis (58 experimental groups (n = 897) and 34 CG (n = 474)). The CT interventions led to increases in muscle mass (1.9%; p < 0.001) and decreases in fat mass (4.3%; p < 0.001). With regard to cardiorespiratory fitness, CT had a favorable effect on VO2max (6.3%; p < 0.001), maximum aerobic speed or power (0.3%; p = 0.04), and aerobic performance (2.6%; p = 0.006) after training. Concerning strength outcome, the CT increased the strength of the upper and lower extremities. Only the magnitude of strength performance appears to be influenced by the training (number of sessions and frequency) and the training status. Moreover, low and moderate intensities and short rest time between exercise increase the magnitude of change in fat mass loss. Therefore, CT has been shown to be an effective method for improving body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and strength of the lower and upper limbs

Intermittent hypoxic training and cycling performance in triathletes

Athletes include altitude training as a complement to their conventional training to improve performance. The aim of the study was to analyze the effects on anaerobic threshold (AT) produced by an IHT program in triathletes. 18 male trained triathletes were divided into intermittent hypoxic training group (GIHT: n=9; age: 26±6.73 years, height 173.33±5.94 cm, weight: 66.38±5.91 kg) and control group (GC: n=9; age: 29.27±6.84 years, height 174.89±4.59 cm, weight: 71.59±6.81 kg). The IHT program consisted of two 60-min sessions per week at intensities over the AT and atmospheric conditions between 14.5 and 15% FiO2. Before and after the program, cycling performance in a lactate thresholds test was determined. The treatment caused an improvement in the power output and perceived exertion in AT and enhanced cardiac performance in the aerobic threshold and AT.Actividad Física y Deport

The efficacy of resistance training in hypoxia to enhance strength and muscle growth: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Recent studies have reported that resistance training in hypoxia (RTH) may augment muscle size and strength development. However, consensus on the effects of RTH via systematic review and meta-analysis is not yet available. This work aimed to systematically review studies which have investigated using RTH versus normoxic resistance training (NRT) to improve muscular size and strength, and to perform a meta-analysis to determine the effect of RTH on these adaptive parameters. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library from database inception until 17 June 2017 for original articles assessing the effects of RTH on muscle size and strength versus NRT. The effects on outcomes were expressed as standardized mean differences (SMD). Nine studies (158 participants) reported on the effects of RTH versus NRT for muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) (n = 4) or strength (n = 6). RTH significantly increased CSA (SMD = 0.70, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.05, 1.35; p = .04) and strength (SMD = 1.88; 95% CI = 1.20, 2.56; p < .00001). However, RTH did not produce significant change in CSA (SMD = 0.24, 95% CI -0.19, 0.68, p = .27) or strength (SMD = 0.20; 95% CI = -0.27, 0.78; p = .23) when compared to NRT. Although RTH improved muscle size and strength, this protocol did not provide significant benefit over resistance training in normoxia. Nevertheless, this paper identified marked differences in methodologies for implementing RTH, and future research using standardized protocols is therefore warranted.Actividad Física y Deport

Effects of multicomponent training on lean and bone mass in postmenopausal and older women: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this systematic review was to update and examine to what extent multicomponent training interventions could improve lean and bone mass at different anatomical regions of the body in postmenopausal and older women. METHODS: A computerized literature search was performed in the following online databases: PubMed MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Web of Knowledge. The search was performed to include articles up until February 2017. The methodological quality of selected studies was evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. RESULTS: Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies examining the effects of combined training methods in postmenopausal and older women showed contrasting results, possibly due to the wide range of the participants' age, the evaluation of different regions, and the varying characteristics of the training methods between studies. Overall, it appears that exercise modes that combine resistance, weight-bearing training, and impact-aerobic activities can increase or prevent muscle and skeletal mass loss during the ageing process in women. CONCLUSIONS: Further studies are needed to identify the optimal multicomponent training protocols, specifically the training loads that will improve lean and bone mass at different anatomical locations, in postmenopausal and older women.Actividad Física y Deport

Physical performance of elite and subelite spanish female futsal players

The aim of this study was to determine the parameters distinguishing top female futsal players from lower level players. Twenty-seven female futsal players participated in the study, composed of professional first division (elite; n = 15) players and semi-professional second division players (sub-elite; n = 14). Active and passive straight leg raise tests, isokinetic strength of the knee extensor and flexor muscles at 60° · s-1 angular velocity, squat and counter movement jumps, 30 m sprint, 30 m agility, repeated sprint ability test and maximum ball speed during shooting were measured. The elite players were more agile and kicked harder than sub-elite players in maximum ball speed during the shooting test (P ≤ 0.05). However, no significant differences between teams were observed in active and passive hamstring flexibility, jumping ability, repeated sprint ability test, 30 m sprint time, H/Q ratio and absolute and relative torque from 60° · s-1 angular velocity. Based on these findings we conclude that agility and maximum ball speed during shooting may be important determinant factors of Spanish female futsal actions and could distinguish ability at high-level games.Actividad Física y Deport