Valoración coste eficacia de las transacciones de agua inter cuencas. Una aplicación a las cuencas mediterráneas andaluzas

The purpose of this study is to evaluate through a cost-effectiveness approach water use transactions implemented under Water law framework. These measures complement others proposed by Water Plan of the Mediterranian-andallucian Basin. This water transfers were planned in order to improve the environmental conditions of the water body belonging to low Basin of almanzora river. The analysis was developed including uncertainty related with the availability of resources under various water scarcity scenarios. The results show that water use transactions’, from a cost effectiveness approach, has a more favorable assessment than the measures which are explicitly outlined in the river Basin Plan. Furthermore, the study also incorporates a reflection about the suitability of this approach in front of others that consider not just the economic costs, but also others variables, such as social and environmental cost concerned in implementing such measures.el objetivo de este trabajo será valorar mediante el análisis coste eficacia las cesiones de derechos de uso de agua que se han desarrollado en el marco de la actual ley de aguas como medidas básicas que complementan las que actualmente propone el Plan Hidrológico de las Cuencas Mediterráneas andaluzas. Dichas cesiones han sido desarrolladas para mejorar el estado ambiental de las masas de agua correspondientes a la cuenca baja del río almanzora. el análisis se desarrolla teniendo presente la incertidumbre en la disponibilidad de los recursos a partir de la consideración de distintos escenarios hídricos. los resultados muestran que las cesiones de aguas tienen, desde el punto de vista del análisis coste-eficacia, una valoración más favorable que las medidas consideradas explícitamente en el Plan de las cuencas. el estudio además incorpora una reflexión sobre la idoneidad de este tipo de análisis frente a la consideración de otras variables que permitan considerar además/a parte de los costes económicos, los costes sociales y ambientales que conlleva la aplicación de dichas medidas.l’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer la rentabilité de la cession des droits d’utilisation de l’eau, développé sous la loi actuelle de l’eau. Ces sont mesures de base qui complètent celles qui sont actuellement proposées dans le Plan Hydrologique du Bassin Méditerranéen andalou, et ces sont développés pour améliorer l’état environnemental des plans d’eau pour le bassin inférieur du fleuve almanzora. l’analyse est développée en tenant compte de l’incertitude quant à la disponibilité des ressources, de l’examen des scénarios d’eau différents. les résultats montrent que les transferts d’eau avent une mieux relation coût-efficacité que celles qui sont explicitement dans le plan du bassin. l’étude comprend aussi une réflexion sur l’adéquation de cet type d’analyse à la contrepartie d’autres variables à considérer en plus les coûts économiques, comment les coûts sociaux et environnementaux impliqués dans la mise en oeuvre de telles mesures

Competitiveness vs. sustainability: An assessment of profitability as a component of an approach on “sustainable competitiveness” in extensive farming systems of central Spain

Producción CientíficaThe “Europe 2020 Strategy” launched by European Institutions is a commitment to increase growth based on the coexistence of both competitiveness and sustainable development. This paper analyzes the competitiveness of production systems in the cereal steppes of Castile, Spain. An indicator based on each production system’s profitability threshold was built. The diagnostic analysis methodology allowed the identification of 20 production system models related to agrarian, livestock and mixed farming systems. The results show very different levels of competitiveness which are not necessarily related to the farms’ sizes or capitalization levels but mostly to production costs and the farmers’ ages. The response of these models to future input and output price scenarios shows that mixed farms are less dependent on external production factors

Procesos participativos y economía circular en la agricultura: un análisis del proyecto life+ integral carbon en la DO vinos de uclés

En el periodo de programación 2014- 2020, la UE se está enfrentando a nuevos retos. La forma de afrontarlos parte del uso de nuevos instrumentos, que se pretende que actúen de forma coordinada. Es el caso de los grupos operativos (GO en adelante), creados en el marco de la European Innovation Partnership (en adelante, EIP) (en español, AEI) como instrumentos para la innovación en la agricultura y el medio rural bajo los principios de crecimiento sostenible, inteligente e integrador, establecidos en la Estrategia Europa 2020.Fil: Gomez Ramos, Almudena. Universidad de Valladolid; EspañaFil: Losada, Rocío. Universidad de Valladolid; EspañaFil: Nogueira, Maria Elena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; Argentin

The Civil Liability of lawyers

Trabajo de fin de Grado. Grado en Derecho. Curso académico 2017-2018[ES] El presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado acoge como tema principal la responsabilidad civil del abogado en el ejercicio de su profesión, especialmente en lo que se refiere a la cuantificación del daño. Se parte para ello principalmente de los criterios jurisprudenciales y de las interpretaciones doctrinales, ya que en este ámbito los preceptos legales son escasos. También se estudia la consideración de consumidor del cliente del abogado a los efectos de la normativa de consumo. Por último, se aborda la evolución jurisprudencial sufrida a lo largo de los años sobre la calificación y cuantificación del daño como consecuencia de la frustración de acciones procesales, pues no existen criterios uniformes en esta materia, aunque en la actualidad sí que se puede apreciar una cierta tendencia mayoritaria. En todo el trabajo se sostiene una opinión crítica respecto de los autores y pronunciamientos judiciales que califican el daño por pérdida de oportunidad como daño moral.[EN] 3 RESUMEN El presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado acoge como tema principal la responsabilidad civil del abogado en el ejercicio de su profesión, especialmente en lo que se refiere a la cuantificación del daño. Se parte para ello principalmente de los criterios jurisprudenciales y de las interpretaciones doctrinales, ya que en este ámbito los preceptos legales son escasos. También se estudia la consideración de consumidor del cliente del abogado a los efectos de la normativa de consumo. Por último, se aborda la evolución jurisprudencial sufrida a lo largo de los años sobre la calificación y cuantificación del daño como consecuencia de la frustración de acciones procesales, pues no existen criterios uniformes en esta materia, aunque en la actualidad sí que se puede apreciar una cierta tendencia mayoritaria. En todo el trabajo se sostiene una opinión crítica respecto de los autores y pronunciamientos judiciales que califican el daño por pérdida de oportunidad como daño moral. Palabras clave: responsabilidad civil, abogado, pérdida de oportunidad, consumidor. ABSTRACT This essay will develop the concept of civil liability of lawyers as a result of professional practise, focusing specifically on the quantifying of the damage that the lawyer can provoke. This discussion begins with the revision of the established standards by the main doctrine set in the different courts and the doctrinal interpretation of these, on account of the lack of legal precepts in this field. Moreover, we will consider the lawyer's client as a consumer. Finally, we will review the evolution over time of the cause-law regarding the quantifying and legal grade of the damage provoked by the frustration of legal actions. This essay sets a questioning point of view in relation to the authors and sentences that describe the loss of chance as moral damage

How to link agricultural productivity, water availability and water demand in a risk context?

The importance of water scarcity in irrigated agriculture in Spain provides the rationale for this paper, which analyses and evaluates the risk of water shortage on the economic result of this kind of agriculture. The main objective is to monitor this risk on a real-time basis. For this aim, we first estimated a number of regression models that explain irrigated agricultural productivity based on crop price indices, a time trend and water availability. These models, which correct for auto-correlation, yield good explanatory power. Second we carried out ex ante simulations of agricultural productivity using fitted distribution functions of water balance. The risk model framework provides the basis for a real time drought management system through a variety of distribution functions of expected economic results, which can be revised on a monthly basis before the beginning of the irrigation season. The results of the simulation show how this kind of risk model can be used to anticipate the effects of droughts and complement the hydrological models used to manage water storage in years of scarcity. Different risk profiles are identified. For example, in Genil-Cabra we found that the resilience of the system after a drought period is very high, whereas in La Plana de Castellón the risk of irrigation area abandonment is increasing year by year. In Genil-Cabra the estimated losses were 60 million euros in 2007. The models were applied to some of the most agriculturally relevant irrigation districts in Spain

Disentangling the social, macro and micro-economic effects of agricultural droughts: An application to Spanish irrigated agriculture

Droughts affect irrigated agricultural production, reducing economic output and creating social stress. The economic consequences of droughts begin at the farm level, reaching the macro level along the production chain value. To the extent that crop markets adjust to the supply shocks and because droughts do not affect all sectors at the same time and with the same severity, it is instructive to conduct economic evaluations of drought effects at both micro- and macro-economic levels. The objective of this paper is to estimate the impact of water availability variations on the crops’ market values, the total value added of the agricultural sector and farm employment. We run regression models for these three economic variables and 14 provinces in Spain, comprising more than 50% of the Spanish irrigated area. Results show that the macro economic variables are only sensitive to water availability in the provinces where aridity and water stress are more severe. The value of the harvests obtained in irrigated land is largely explained by water availability. The time trend explains the largest percentage of variance of the three economic variables, including micro and macro

Economic analysis of drought risks: an application to irrigated agriculture in Spain

Abstract This paper describes a two-part methodology for managing the risk posed by water supply variability to irrigated agriculture. First, an econometric model is used to explain the variation in the production value of irrigated agriculture. The explanatory variables include an index of irrigation water availability (surface storage levels), a price index representative of the crops grown in each geographical unit, and a time variable. The model corrects for autocorrelation and it is applied to 16 representative Spanish provinces in terms of irrigated agriculture. In the second part, the fitted models are used for the economic evaluation of drought risk. In flow variability in the hydrological system servicing each province is used to perform ex-ante evaluations of economic output for the upcoming irrigation season. The model?s error and the probability distribution functions (PDFs) of the reservoirs? storage variations are used to generate Monte Carlo (Latin Hypercube) simulations of agricultural output 7 and 3 months prior to the irrigation season. The results of these simulations illustrate the different risk profiles of each management unit, which depend on farm productivity and on the probability distribution function of water in flow to reservoirs. The potential for ex-ante drought impact assessments is demonstrated. By complementing hydrological models, this method can assist water managers and decisionmakers in managing reservoirs

Propuesta de un sistema de indicadores para evaluar procesos de compra pública alimentaria en términos de sostenibilidad

En los últimos años en Europa existe una creciente preocupación por cambiar el actual sistema alimentario hacia un modelo más sostenible y saludable. En este contexto, en 2015 surge el Pacto de Políticas Alimentarias Urbanas de Milán, un movimiento municipalista que persigue desarrollar sistemas alimentarios sostenibles, inclusivos, resilientes, seguros y diversificados. En España, tras la aprobación del Plan de Contratación Pública Ecológica en 2019, las compras públicas alimentarias basadas en criterios de sostenibilidad cobran importancia. El objetivo de este trabajo es proponer un sistema de indicadores objetivos que midan la sostenibilidad de los procesos de compra pública alimentaria. El fin último será poder valorar los impactos que genera esta nueva forma de compra pública en un determinado territorio desde un punto de vista económico (viabilidad presupuestaria, rentabilidad empresarial agraria y agroalimentaria, etc.), social (generación de empleo, reparto de la renta, etc.), ambiental (reducción de emisiones, uso eficiente del agua, disminución de residuos, etc.) y de mejora en la salud. En esta fase del trabajo, el sistema de indicadores propuesto se ha sometido a validación a través de un procedimiento de participación pública en el que han formado parte distintos agentes vinculados directamente con este tipo de iniciativas

Psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the MM-CGI-SF in caregivers of people with dementia

Background: Caregivers of people with dementia may experience characteristic grief linked to present and anticipated losses before the physical death of the care recipient occurs, which is related to physical and mental health problems. The Marwit-Meuser Caregiver Inventory-Short Form (MM-CGI-SF) is an instrument that assesses this type of grief. Since there are no studies on an adaptation of the MM-CGI-SF to the Spanish population, the aim of the study was to evaluate its psychometric properties in a sample of caregivers of dementia patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out. The tool was translated and adapted into Spanish, which was administered to 250 caregivers of people with dementia in the province of Huelva, together with other related instruments. Descriptive statistics and internal consistency reliability were calculated using Cronbach's alpha, for the total questionnaire and for each subscale. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed and the Spanish version of the MM-CGI-SF was correlated with the rest of the variables by calculating Spearman's correlation coefficient. Results: 80.4% of the participants were female and had high levels of caregiver grief (x = 64.62, SD = 14.86). Cronbach's alpha for the general questionnaire was 0.927 and between 0.822-0.854 for its subscales. The fit values of the CFA were: x2 = 202.033, degrees of freedom = 121, x2 /df = 1.670, TLI = 0.954, CFI = 0.963, SRMR = 0.047, RMSEA = 0.052; and all the correlations were statistically significant. Conclusions: The Spanish version of the MM-CGI-SF shows adequate psychometric properties. Thanks to this instrument, health professionals may measure caregiver grief, get closer to the reality of dementia care, and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to manage this grief.The Spanish Ministry of Universities has supported the first author of this research through the University Teacher Training Programme, with reference number (FPU19/04001). Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Huelva/CBUA