A Lagrangian Description of Flows in Stirred Tanks Via Computer-Automated Radioactive Particle Tracking (CARPT)

In This Study, Computer-Automated Radioactive Particle Tracking (CARPT) is Implemented for the First Time in the Characterization of Flows in Stirred Tanks. Both the Experimental Set-Up Are Discussed. the CARPT Technique is Seen to Capture Qualitatively Most of the Important Flow Phenomena Observed in Stirred Tank Flows, Like the Two Recirculating Loops above and Below the Impeller and the Dead Zones at the Bottom of the Tank. the CARPT Data is Also Used to Extract \u27\u27Sojourn\u27\u27 Time Distributions in Different Zones of the Reactor. These Distributions Are Used to Partially Quantify the Observed Dead and Active Zones in the Tank. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Determinants of apparent rural-urban differentials in measles vaccination uptake in Indonesia

Introduction: Regional differences in vaccination uptake are common in both developed and developing countries, and are often linked to the availability of healthcare services and socioeconomic factors. In 2007, 0.9 million eligible Indonesian children missed measles vaccination, and 19 456 cases of measles were documented among Indonesian children. The authors investigated rural– urban differentials in measles vaccination coverage among young Indonesian children, and sought to identify key factors influencing the probability of a child receiving the first dose of measles vaccination in Indonesia. Methods: Data used in the analyses were sourced from the nationally representative Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 2007. The influence of location of residence, household wealth, maternal and paternal education, total children ever born and use of skilled birth attendants on measles vaccination coverage was investigated using bivariate analysis and chi-square tests. The independent effects of these variables were established using binomial logistic regression analysis. Results: Indonesia’s 2007 first-dose measles national vaccination coverage was, at 72.8%, lower than the 2008 global first-dose measles vaccination average coverage of 82%. Bivariate analysis revealed that the first-dose measles vaccination coverage in rural areas of Indonesia was 68.5%, compared with 80.1% in urban regions (p<0.001). The apparent significance of rural residence in impairing vaccination coverage was marginal after controlling for the sex of the child, maternal age, maternal and paternal education, wealth, and access to skilled health workers. Conclusion: Apart from sustainable initiatives to increase measles vaccination coverage globally, it is important to close the rural–urban gap in Indonesia’s measles vaccination uptake. Addressing critical determinants of inferior measles vaccination coverage in Indonesia’s rural regions will facilitate major improvements in Indonesia’s child health trends. This article suggests initiatives for addressing three of such determinants in Indonesia’s rural areas: poverty, parental education and access to skilled health workers.RC Fernandez, N Awofeso, A Rammoha

(3-Phenyl­sulfanyl-1-phenyl­sulfonyl-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl acetate

In the title compound, C23H19NO4S2, the indole ring system makes dihedral angles of 89.6 (1) and 84.5 (8)° with the phenyl­sulfonyl and phenyl­sulfanyl rings, respectively. In the crystal, the mol­ecules are linked into C(10) chains running along the c axis by an inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bond. In addition, the crystal packing is stabilized by C—H⋯π inter­actions

A convenient synthetic approach to 5-(het)arylhydrazine substituted 1,2,4‑triazines

Received: 09.09.2020. Accepted: 20.12.2020. Published:30.12.2020.A convenient synthesis of 1,2,4‑triazines bearing the moieties of (hetero) arylhydrazines at the position of C5 of the 1,2,4‑triazine core is reported

Operator-dependent variability of angiography-derived fractional flow reserve and the implications for treatment

Aims To extend the benefits of physiologically-guided percutaneous coronary intervention to many patients, angiography-derived or ‘virtual’ fractional flow reserve (vFFR) has been developed, in which FFR is computed, based upon the images, instead of being measured invasively. The effect of operator experience with these methods upon vFFR accuracy remains unknown. We investigated variability in vFFR results based upon operator experience with image-based computational modelling techniques. Methods vFFR was computed using a proprietary method (VIRTUheart) from the invasive angiograms of patients with coronary artery disease. Each case was processed by an expert (>100 vFFR cases) and a non-expert (<20 vFFR cases) operator and results were compared. The primary outcome was the variability in vFFR between experts and non-experts and the impact this had upon treatment strategy (PCI vs conservative management). Results 231 vessels (199 patients) were processed. Mean non-expert and expert vFFRs were similar overall (0.76 (0.13) and 0.77 (0.16)) but there was significant variability between individual results (variability coefficient 12%, intra-class correlation coefficient 0.58), with only moderate agreement (κ = 0.46), and this led to a statistically significant change in management strategy in 27% of cases. Variability was significantly lower, and agreement higher, for expert operators; a change in their recommended management occurred in 10% of repeated expert measurements and 14% of inter-expert measurements. Conclusions vFFR results are influenced by operator experience of vFFR processing. This had implications for treatment allocation. These results highlight the importance of training and quality assurance to ensure reliable, repeatable vFFR results

The Entrapment of Unfree Labor: Theory and Examples from India

In this article we explore some aspects of contemporary unfree labor in rural south India. We draw on 130 case studies and (informally) extensive field research. We do so in order to make the central point that the conditions of unfreedom are variable and subject to change but that the basic vulnerabilities are significant. Being unfree in a labor relationship is a contingent effect of a set of factors. We stress the role of (a) entrapment of laborers, (b) immiseration within bondage, and (c) barriers to exit from the labor contract. In explanations, structural factors are also important. The article forms a basis for further empirical research in a variety of global settings even beyond India