Prevalencia de infertilidad femenina en Cuba, 2018. / Prevalence of female infertility in Cuba, 2018.

Introduction: International data on the prevalence of infertility are not very exact, with important geographical differences, which are explained by environmental, cultural and socioeconomic influences. Few studies have been carried out in Cuba and none on a large scale. Objective: To determine the prevalence of female infertility in Cuba. Methods: A specific questionnaire was applied to 16,500 women between the ages of 15 and 49 in the period from January to December 2018, belonging to 39 health areas and 330 family doctor's offices. The non-equiprobabilistic design took in to account the population reported in the Demographic Yearbook of Cuba, 2017. The prevalence ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated, using the Wald test and its associated p-value for the significance of the coefficients. Results: The prevalence at the country level was estimated at 4.0% of women of child bearing age, being 4.0% in urban areas and 3.6% in rural areas, higher in the central region and lower in the eastern region. The prevalence of primary infertility was estimated at 1.1% and secondary at 2.9%. In infertile women, the mean age was 30 years for primary and 34 for secondary, at the time of diagnosis the age was 38 years. White skin color predominated, high educational level. Conclusions: It was estimated that the prevalence of female infertility in Cuba is 4.0% of women of child bearing age. / RESUMEN Introducción: Los datos internacionales sobre prevalencia de la infertilidad no son muy exactos, con importantes diferencias geográficas, que se explican por las influencias ambientales, culturales y socioeconómicas. En Cuba se han desarrollado pocos estudios y ninguno a gran escala. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de la infertilidad femenina en Cuba. Métodos: Se aplicó un cuestionario específico a 16 mil 500 mujeres de entre 15 y 49 años en el período de enero a diciembre del año 2018, pertenecientes a 39 áreas de salud y 330 consultorios del médico de familia. El diseño no equiprobabilístico tuvo en cuenta la población reportada en el Anuario Demográfico de Cuba y sus territorios, 2017. Se calcularon las razones de prevalencia y sus intervalos de confianza del 95%, usándose para la significación de los coeficientes la prueba de Wald y su valor p asociado. Resultados: Se estimó la prevalencia a nivel de país en el 4,0 % de las mujeres en edad fértil, siendo 4,0 % en zona urbana y 3,6 % en la rural, más elevada en la región central y más baja en la oriental. La prevalencia de infertilidad primaria fue estimada en 1,1 % y la secundaria en 2,9 %. En mujeres infértiles la edad media fue de 30 años para la primaria y 34 para la secundaria, al momento del diagnóstico la edad fue 38 años. Predominó el color de piel blanco, elevado nivel educacional. Conclusiones: Se estimó que la prevalencia de infertilidad femenina en Cuba es el 4,0 % de las mujeres en edad fértil

The prevalence, clinical status and genotype of cystic fibrosis patients living in Cuba using national registry data

Background: We aimed to establish a national cystic fibrosis (CF) registry for Cuba, a developing country.Methods: Regional centres that deliver care for all CF patients provided information for a national database.Findings: The prevalence of CF in Cuba is 26.3 cases per 1,000,000 population. The median age at diagnosis is 2 years, and the median age of the total population was 15 years. Of those aged 16 years or older, the prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection was 46%, the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus infection was 36%, and 80% of individuals were receiving oral azithromycin. The commonest gene mutation was F508del which was observed in 50% of patients.Interpretation: These data demonstrate that it is possible to establish a national CF registry in a developing country such as Cuba. This provides baseline data to permit evaluation of health care delivery enable the spread of good clinical practice nationally

Population-based weight loss and gain do not explain trends in asthma mortality in Cuba: a prospective study from 1964 to 2014

Background The increase in prevalence of obesity is a possible risk factor for asthma in developed countries. As the people of Cuba experienced an acute population-based decrease in weight in the 1990s, we tested the hypothesis that national weight loss and subsequent weight gain was associated a reciprocal changes in asthma mortality. Methods Data were obtained on mortality rates from asthma and COPD in Cuba from 1964 to 2014, along with data on prevalence of obesity for this period. Joinpoint analysis was used to identify inflexion points in the data. Results Although the prevalence of obesity from 1990 to 1995 decreased from 14% to 7%, over the same time period the rate of asthma mortality increased from 4.5 deaths per 100,000 population to 5.4 deaths per 100,000 population. In 2010, the obesity prevalence subsequently increased to 15% in 2010, while the asthma mortality rate dropped to 2.3 deaths per 100,000 population. The optimal model for fit of asthma mortality over time gave an increasing linear association from 1964 to 1995 (95% confidence interval for inflexion point: 1993 to 1997), followed by a decrease in asthma mortality rates from 1995 to 1999 (95% confidence interval for inflexion point: 1997 to 2002). Conclusions These national data do not support the hypothesis that population-based changes in weight are associated with asthma mortality. Other possible explanations for the large decreases in asthma mortality rates include changes in pollution or better delivery of medical care over the same time period

Construção de um protótipo de biodigestor para obtenção de biogás apartir de resíduos sólidos orgânicos

The intense process of urbanization that has been seen in major cities, along with technological advances have caused serious environmental problems on the planet, especially in the least developed countries as is the case of Angola. In this context, the solid wastes have become one of the main problems to be tackled by mankind, since they are inevitably produced in the activities developed in the man himself. The search for a new pattern of development based on the concept of sustainability has become the focus of production processes. Therefore, energy and the environment they are presented as being closely linked fields, both in terms of research and development, as in the implementation of technology. Anaerobic digestion systems with power generation, specifically from municipal solid waste, have emerged as an alternative capable of contributing positively to the search for a new pattern of development, since they contribute to solve irresponsible emission problems of municipal solid waste thus reducing the problems of environmental pollution. In the present work, a proposal was made for a biodigester prototype to obtain biogas from organic solid waste.O intenso processo de urbanização que se tem verificado nas grandes cidades, juntamente com o avanço tecnológico têm causado sérios problemas ambientais ao planeta, principalmente nos países menos desenvolvidos como é o caso de Angola. Nesse contexto, os resíduos sólidos tornaram-se num dos principais problemas a serem combatidos pela humanidade, uma vez que os mesmos são produzidos inevitavelmente nas actividades desenvolvidas pelo próprio homem. A busca por um novo padrão de desenvolvimento baseado no conceito de sustentabilidade tem-se tornado o foco dos processos produtivos. Assim sendo, energia e meio ambiente apresentam-se como sendo campos intimamente ligados, tanto em termos de pesquisa e desenvolvimento, como na implantação de tecnologia. Sistemas de biodigestão anaeróbica com geração de energia, mais especificamente a partir de resíduos sólidos urbanos, têm despontado como uma alternativa capaz de contribuir positivamente na busca por um novo padrão de desenvolvimento, uma vez que contribuem para solucionar problemas de emissão irresponsável de resíduos sólidos urbanos que reduzem desta forma os problemas de poluição ambiental. No presente trabalhos fez-se uma proposta do protótipo de biodigestor para obtenção de biogás apartir de resíduos sólidos orgânicos

Epilepsy mortality trends in Cuba compared with England and Wales: 1987–2010

There are limited epilepsy mortality data from developing countries and Latin America in particular. We examined national epilepsy mortality data from Cuba and contrasted them with comparable data from England and Wales. National epilepsy mortality data for Cuba between the years 1987 and 2010 were obtained from the Medical Records and Health Statistics Bureau of the Cuban Public Health Ministry (www.sld.cu/sitios/dne/) with the corresponding mortality data from England and Wales obtained from the UK Office of National Statistics (ONS, www.ons.gov.uk). Indirect standardization with calculation of a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was used to compare trends. The overall trend was of a slight decrease in mortality rates over the 23 years in Cuba, with higher mortality rates primarily occurring in young people. Annual age-adjusted rates were consistently lower in Cuba than those seen in England and Wales, with the SMR ranging from 0.35 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.30 to 0.48) in 2007 to 1.00 (95% CI: 0.85 to 1.15) in 1994. Cuban epilepsy mortality rates are consistently lower than those of England and Wales. Reasons for this disparity in mortality rates are not immediately apparent but are likely to be multifactorial

Prevalence and risk factors for wheeze, decreased forced expiratory volume in 1 s and bronchoconstriction in young children living in Havana, Cuba: a population-based cohort study

Objectives: Asthma has not been extensively studied in low-income and middle-income countries, where risk factors and access to treatment may differ from more affluent countries. We aimed to identify the prevalence of asthma and local risk factors in Havana, Cuba.Setting: Four municipalities in Havana, Cuba.Participants: A population-based cohort study design of young children living in Havana, Cuba. Children were recruited from primary care centres at age 12–15 months.Primary and secondary outcome measures: Data on wheeze in the past 12 months, asthma treatment and environmental exposures collected regularly until the age of 6 years, when forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and reversibility to aerosolised salbutamol were also measured.Results: 1106 children provided data at the age of 6 years old. The prevalence of wheeze in the previous 12 months was 422 (38%), and 294 (33%) of the study population had bronchodilatation of 12% or more in FEV1 after administration of inhaled salbutamol. In the previous 12 months, 182 (16%) of the children had received inhaled corticosteroids, 416 (38%) salbutamol inhalers and 283 (26%) a course of systemic steroids.Wheeze in the first year and a family history of asthma were both positively associated with bronchodilatation to inhaled salbutamol (1.94%; 95% CI 0.81 to 3.08 and 1.85%; CI 0.14 to 3.57, respectively), while paracetamol use in the first year was associated with wheeze at 6 years (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.14 to 2.35). There were large differences in FEV1, bronchodilatation and risk of wheeze across different geographical areas.Conclusions: Asthma is common in young children living in Havana, and the high prevalence of systemic steroids administrated is likely to reflect the underuse of regular inhaled corticosteroids. If replicated in other comparable low-income and middle-income countries, this represents an important global public health issue

Workshop Eurmaroc 2012

[Castellà] Workshop Eurmaroc 2012 es un taller interuniversitario de arquitectura y patrimonio desarrollado en dos fases: estancia en Valle del Draa (Marruecos) durante 15 días (septiembre 2012) y posterior elaboración de 3 proyectos territoriales, urbanísticos y arquitectónicos de intervención, participando estudiantes y profesores de las escuelas de Arquitectura y Edificación de las Universidades de Granada, Politécnica de Cataluña y Alicante. [English] Workshop Eurmaroc 2012 is a multi university workshop about architecture and construction, which has been developed in two phases: at Draa River (Morocco) during 15 days (September 2012) and three projects about territory, urban and architecture. Students and professors belonging the Schools of Architecture and Building at University of Granada, Politècnica of Catalonia and Alicante have participatedPostprint (published version

una mirada desde las Ciencias de la Conducta

Este libro es el resultado de los trabajos presentados en el 1er Congreso Internacional "Convivencia y bienestar con sentido humanista para una cultura de paz"