216 research outputs found
An investigation of passive control methods for shock-induced separation at hypersonic speeds
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/76765/1/AIAA-1992-2725-533.pd
Hedgerow olive orchards: reality or utopia?
Actualmente las plantaciones de olivar
tienen unas densidades que no suelen superar
los 330 olivos por hectárea. El mayor
coste su cultivo se produce en la recolección,
donde se necesita una gran cantidad de
mano de obra. Recientemente ha surgido un
nuevo tipo de plantaciones cuyas densidades
se acercan a las 2000 plantas por hectárea y
donde los olivos se disponen en setos continuos
separados unos 3,5 m.
La mayor ventaja de este tipo de plantaciones
es su recolección totalmente mecanizada,
mediante máquinas cabalgadoras que
pasan por encima de los setos, en un sistema
muy parecido al usado en la vid. Además,
estas plantaciones son de muy temprana entrada
en producción y muy productivas, al
menos en los primeros años. La variedad
que se utiliza, casi en exclusiva, para este tipo
de plantaciones es ‘Arbequina’.
En el presente trabajo se describen los resultados
de un ensayo comparativo de variedades
que se estableció en el año 2000 y
del que se han recogido ya 4 cosechas. Este
ensayo incluye las variedades ‘Arbequina’,
‘Arbequina i-18’, ‘Arbosana’, ‘Koroneiki’,
‘Fs-17’ y ‘UC 2-35’. De ellas, ‘Arbequina’
y ‘Arbosana’ han sido las más productivas y
‘UC 2-35’ la menos vigorosa de las ensayadas. También se describen los resultados de
un ensayo comparativo de densidades desde
754 a 2580 plantas/ha que fue establecido
en el año 1999. Hasta ahora, la densidad
más productiva parece ser la de 2000 plantas/
ha. Habrá que esperar a los próximos
años para tener resultados más definitivos
sobre éstos ensayos ya que es de esperar que
a partir de ahora es cuando aparezcan los
problemas relacionados con la competencia
entre árboles.
En conclusion, en un escenario donde las
ayudas de la Unión Europea van a ir disminuyendo
progresivamente, y donde la mano
de obra es cada vez más difícil de encontrar,
la capacidad real de este tipo de plantaciones
de ser rentables a largo plazo determinará
el futuro éxito de las mismas.Nowadays, olive orchards have a densities
not higher than 330 trees/ha. The major
cost correspond to harvest operations, which
is very labour demanding. Recently, a new
type of olive plantations with densities
around 2.000 tress/ha has appeared.
The major advantage of this type of plantations
is their totally mechanised harvest,
by vineyards straddle-harvesting machines.These plantations have a very early bearing
and very productive, at least in the first
years. The most common cultivar used is
‘Arbequina’.
In the present work, data of the first four
harvest of a variety comparative trial are reported.
This trial include ‘Arbequina’, ‘Arbequina
i-18’, ‘Arbosana’, ‘Koroneiki’, ‘Fs-
17’ y ‘UC 2-35’ cultivars. From the ‘Arbequina’
and ‘Arbosana’ had been the most
productive and ‘UC 2-35’ the less vigorous.
Results of a trial testing densities between
780 and 2580 trees/ha is also described. Up
to now, the higher densities have been the
most productive ones. However, more definitive
results can be obtained in the coming
years, when problems of competence
among trees started to appear.
In summary, as in the near future is expected
that the subsides from the EU are going
to be greatly reduced and the labour for
harvesting is difficult to find, the ability to
this type of plantations to be profitable at
long term will determine their success
Updated single and dual crop coefficients for tree and vine fruit crops
ReviewThe present study reviews the research on the FAO56 crop coefficients of fruit trees and vines performed over
the past twenty years. The main objective was to update information and extend tabulated single (Kc) and basal
(Kcb) standard crop coefficients. The selection and analysis of the literature for this review have been done
to consider only studies that adhere to FAO56 method, computing the reference ET with the FAO Penman–
Monteith ETo equation and field measuring crop ET with proved accuracy. The crops considered refer to vine
fruit crops, berries and hops, temperate climate evergreen fruit trees, temperate climate deciduous fruit trees
and, tropical and subtropical fruit crops. Papers satisfying the conditions expressed above, and that studied the
crops under pristine or appropriate eustress conditions, were selected to provide for standard Kc and Kcb data.
Preference was given to studies reporting on the fraction of ground cover (fc), crop height (h), planting density,
crop age and adopted training systems. The Kc and Kcb values obtained from the selected literature generally
show coherence relative to the crop biophysical characteristics and reflect those characteristics, mainly fc,
h and training systems. The ranges of reported Kc and Kcb values were grouped according to crop density,
particularly fc and h, and were compared with FAO56 (Allen et al., 1998) previously tabulated Kc and Kcb
values, as well as by Allen and Pereira (2009) and Jensen and Allen (2016), which lead to define update
indicative standard Kc and Kcb values. These values are aimed for use in crop water requirement computations
and modeling for irrigation planning and scheduling, thus also aimed at supporting improved water use and
saving in orchards and vinesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Surgical management of follicular thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents: A study of 30 cases
Risk Allocation in Toll Highway Concessions in Spain: Lessons from Economic Recession
Spain has a long tradition of encouraging toll highways by granting concessions to private companies. Concessions in Spain have been characterized by a willingness to transfer considerable risk to the private sector. Traffic demand, acquisition of the right-of-way, and financial risk have often been allocated to the private sector. From 1996 to 2011, 16 toll highway concessions, covering a total distance of 835 km, were awarded by the central government of Spain with this approach. Some of those highways started their operations just before the economic recession began. The recession had negative consequences for Spain's economy. The gross domestic product per capita plummeted, and the unemployment rate increased from 9% to 20% of the working population in just 2 years. The recession also had severe consequences for the economic performance of toll highway concessions. Traffic levels declined at a much greater rate than did the gross domestic product. In addition, the conditions imposed by the financial markets on borrowers became much stricter because of the liquidity crisis. This study analyzes the impact that the economic recession ultimately had on the performance of toll highway concessions in Spain and the actions that the government adopted to avoid the bankruptcy of the concessionaires. It was found that the economic recession helped identify some deficiencies in how risk had been allocated in Spain. The measures that both Spain and the European Union are adopting so as to improve risk allocation are discussed
Integrated testing strategies (ITS) for bioaccumulation: hierarchical scheme of chemistrydriven modules and definition of applicability domains
Estudio fenológico y caracterización morfológica de variedades tradicionales de manzano y melocotonero
Las variedades locales de frutales seleccionadas a lo largo de los años por los
agricultores, son muy interesantes para preservar la biodiversidad y los recursos
fitogenéticos, ya que presentan unas características organolépticas peculiares y un
valor cultural irremplazable. En 2007 se inició un trabajo de recuperación de
variedades tradicionales de frutales en Andalucía (Proyecto INIA, RF2007-00027-
C06-05) que contempla su prospección, localización, recogida de material vegetal,
caracterización morfológica y molecular, multiplicación, documentación y
mantenimiento en colección. En este trabajo se han caracterizado morfológicamente
mediante caracteres UPOV las flores, hojas y ramos de un año, de cinco variedades
tradicionales de manzano (Malus x domestica Borkh.) y dos de melocotonero [Prunus
persica (L) Batsch], no estudiadas con anterioridad. Se ha evaluado la floración en la
campaña 2011 y se han realizado los fenogramas correspondientesMICINN, INIA y Fondos FEDE
Utilizzo dell’ecografia per verificare il corretto posizionamento del sondino nasogastrico nel gatto
Creedy, Jean Iris
The final stage of leaf ontogenesis is represented by senescence, a highly regulated process driven by a sequential cellular breakdown involving, as the first step, chloroplast dismantling with consequent reduction of photosynthetic efficiency. Different processes, such as pigment accumulation, could protect the vulnerable photosynthetic apparatus of senescent leaves. Although several studies have produced transcriptomic data on foliar senescence, just few works have attempted to explain differences in red and green leaves throughout ontogenesis. In this work, a transcriptomic approach was used on green and red leaves of Prunus cerasifera to unveil molecular differences from leaf maturity to senescence. Our analysis revealed a higher gene regulation in red leaves compared to green ones, during leaf transition. Most of the observed DEGs were shared and involved in transcription factor activities, senescing processes and cell wall remodelling. Significant differences were detected in cellular functions: genes related to photosystem I and II were highly down-regulated in the green genotype, whereas transcripts involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, such as UDP glucose-flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) were exclusively up-regulated in red leaves. In addition, cellular functions involved in stress response (glutathione-S-transferase, Pathogen-Related) and sugar metabolism, such as three threalose-6-phosphate synthases, were activated in senescent red leaves. In conclusion, data suggests that P. cerasifera red genotypes can regulate a set of genes and molecular mechanisms that cope with senescence, promoting more advantages during leaf ontogenesis than compared to the green ones
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