72 research outputs found

    La fraude et la dématérialisation du crédit documentaire

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    "MĂ©moire prĂ©sentĂ© Ă  la facultĂ© des Ă©tudes supĂ©rieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de MaĂźtrise en droit des affaires (LL.M)"Le commerce international ne cesse de se dĂ©velopper avec l'Ă©volution des technologies de l'information de nos jours. Le crĂ©dit documentaire, qui est un instrument de rĂšglement du prix de prestations commerciales entre un vendeur exportateur et un acheteur importateur, fait partie du domaine touchĂ© par l'Ă©volution Ă©lectronique. C'est la raison pour laquelle la Chambre de commerce international de Paris a adoptĂ© rĂ©cemment le Guide sur le crĂ©dit documentaire informatisĂ© (eRUU), supplĂ©ment aux rĂšgles et usances uniformes (les RUU 500) appliquĂ© aux crĂ©dits documentaires. Le crĂ©dit documentaire doit ĂȘtre basĂ© sur une grande confiance et une Ă©norme sĂ©curitĂ©. Ainsi, la fraude nuit au principe de l'autonomie de la lettre de crĂ©dit et dĂ©truit le besoin de sĂ©curitĂ© qu'elle engendre. Les divergences relatives Ă  certains critĂšres de la fraude et la dĂ©limitation des obligations de la banque dans la vĂ©rification des documents sur support papier sont assez complexes pour les commerçants internationaux et pour les banques. Et mĂȘme si la dĂ©matĂ©rialisation des documents a tendance Ă  diminuer la fraude en la matiĂšre, le crĂ©dit documentaire dĂ©matĂ©rialisĂ© serait encore loin d'ĂȘtre rĂ©alisĂ© sans difficultĂ©s, avec l'Ă©mergence directe des tiers dans l'opĂ©ration. Son analyse exhaustive doit donc continuer sur le plan doctrinal. La dĂ©limitation du devoir de la banque dans la recherche de cette fraude Ă©lectronique, et dans le paiement des documents Ă©lectroniques deviendrait aussi discutable que celle dans le crĂ©dit documentaire traditionnel. Les banques devraient, entre autres, ĂȘtre sensibilisĂ©es sur la nĂ©cessitĂ© de prendre dans les meilleurs dĂ©lais certaines dispositions, pour permettre Ă  la clientĂšle des entreprises d'effectuer des prĂ©sentations ou des rĂ©ceptions Ă©lectroniques des documents de la lettre de crĂ©dit en conformitĂ© avec le rĂšglement eUCP.The international trade does not cease developing with the evolution of information technology nowadays. The documentary credit, which is an instrument of payment of the price of commercial services between an exporting salesman and an importing purchaser, is part of the field touched by the electronic evolution. This is why the international Chamber of Commerce of Paris recently adopted the Guide on the computerized letter of credit (eRUU), supplement to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credit (RUU 500). The letter of credit must be based on a great confidence and an enormous safety. Thus, the fraud harms the principle of the autonomy of the letter of credit and destroyes the need for safety which it generates. The divergences relative to certain criteria of the fraud and the delimitation of the obligations of the bank in the checking of the documents on paper medium are complex enough for the international tradesmen and the banks. And even if the dematerialization of the documents tends to decrease the fraud on the matter, the dematerialized credit on security would be still far from being carried out without difficulties, with the direct emergence of the thirds in the operation. Its exhaustive analysis must then continue on the doctrinal level. The delimitation of the duty of the bank in the search for this electronic fraud, and in the payment of the electronic documents would become as debatable as that in the traditional documentary credit. The banks would have to be somewhat sensitized on the need for making certain provisions as soon as possible, to allow companies' customers to carry out presentations or electronic receptions of the documents of the letter of credit in conformity with the eUCP

    Molecular and serological evidence of flea-associated typhus group and spotted fever group rickettsial infections in Madagascar

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    This research was supported by the Wellcome Trust (RCDF and Senior Fellowship to ST, #081705 and #095171), the Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, and the Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System, a Division of the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center [847705.82000.25GB.A0074].Peer reviewedPublisher PD

    Caractérisation physico-chimique des produits volcaniques de Madagascar pour son utilisation agricole

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    Les zones volcaniques sont rĂ©putĂ©es d’ĂȘtre fertiles et ont une grande potentialitĂ© agricole. De ce fait, beaucoup de gens utilisent les sols volcaniques comme fertilisants. Or, jusqu’à maintenant Ă  Madagascar, ily a trĂšs peu d’études scientifiques qui ont Ă©tĂ© faites sur les formations volcaniques et de leurs bienfaits sur l’agriculture .Ce qui nous amĂšne Ă  Ă©tudier sur la possibilitĂ© de fabrication de fertilisant Ă  partir des produitsvolcaniques. Ces derniers reprĂ©sentent une superficie importante de notre Ăźle. Nous avons effectuĂ© deux missions de reconnaissance gĂ©ologique et de prĂ©lĂšvement d’échantillons dans deux secteurs, l’une dans la zone volcanique d’Itasy et l’autre dans la zone volcanique d’Ankaratra, suiviesde diffĂ©rentes analyses et de tests de culture .Notre but est d’effectuer des Ă©tudes plus scientifiques sur les produits volcaniques et leurs effets sur les cultures afin d’aboutir Ă  l’obtention d’un fertilisant. Sur le terrain, nos observations ont portĂ© sur la rĂ©partition des diffĂ©rentes formations et leurs relations mutuelles. Au laboratoire, nous avons effectuĂ© diffĂ©rents analyses : analyse chimique, analyse minĂ©ralogique par deux mĂ©thodes : la fluorescence X et la diffraction X, une analyse granulomĂ©trique et destests de culture sur le haricot et le maĂŻs. Les observations sur le terrain ont montrĂ© que les principales formations sont des scories et des laves scoriacĂ©es avec un sous-bassement de basalte. Les rĂ©sultats del’analyse chimique ont montrĂ© une valeur fertilisante des Ă©chantillons. L’analyse minĂ©ralogique a montrĂ© la richesse en minĂ©raux et oligoĂ©lĂ©ments des diffĂ©rents Ă©chantillons. Les tests de culture ont montrĂ© une  action positive des produits volcaniques par rapport Ă  un tĂ©moin.Mots-clĂ©s : zones volcaniques de Madagascar, minĂ©raux, fertilisant

    The Self-Representation of Primary School Teachers' Professional Identity in Madagascar

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    Group C: Teacher Professional Developmen

    The value of the spineless monkey orange tree (Strychnos madagascariensis) for conservation of northern sportive lemurs (Lepilemur milanoii and L. ankaranensis)

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    Tree hollows provide shelters for a large number of forest-dependent vertebrate species worldwide. In  Madagascar, where high historical and ongoing rates of deforestation and forest degradation are  responsible for a major environmental crisis, reduced availability of tree hollows may lead to declines in hollow-dwelling species such as sportive lemurs, one of the most species-rich groups of lemurs. The identification of native tree species used by hollow-dwelling lemurs may facilitate targeted management interventions to maintain or improve habitat quality for these lemurs. During an extensive survey of sportive lemurs in northern Madagascar, we identified one tree species, Strychnos madagascariensis (Loganiaceae), the spineless monkey orange tree, as a principal sleeping site of two species of northern sportive lemurs, Lepilemur ankaranensis and L. milanoii (Lepilemuridae). This tree species represented 32.5% (n=150) of the 458 sleeping sites recorded. This result suggests that S. madagascariensis may be valuable for the conservation of hollow-dwelling lemurs. De nombreux vertĂ©brĂ©s forestiers Ă  travers le monde trouvent refuge dans des cavitĂ©s et des trous  d’arbres. À Madagascar, les taux de dĂ©forestation historiques et actuels sont responsables d’une crise environnementale majeure. Dans ce contexte, une disponibilitĂ© rĂ©duite d’arbres pourvus de cavitĂ©s  pourrait entrainer le dĂ©clin des espĂšces dĂ©pendant de ces abris comme par exemple les lĂ©pilemurs, un des groupes de lĂ©muriens les plus riches en espĂšces. L’identification des espĂšces d’arbres indigĂšnes creusĂ©s de trous et utilisĂ©s par les lĂ©muriens pourrait faciliter la mise en place d’actions de conservation ayant pour but de maintenir ou amĂ©liorer l’habitat de ces lĂ©muriens. Au cours d’une Ă©tude rĂ©alisĂ©e dans le Nord de Madagascar, nous avons observĂ© que Strychnos madagascariensis  (Loganiaceae) Ă©tait   frĂ©quemment utilisĂ© comme site dortoir par les deux espĂšces de lĂ©pilemurs prĂ©sentes, Lepilemur   ankaranensis and L. milanoii (Lepilemuridae). Cette espĂšce d’arbre concernait 32,5% (n = 150) des 458  sites dortoirs enregistrĂ©s. Ce rĂ©sultat suggĂšre que S. madagascariensis pourrait ĂȘtre important pour la  conservation des lĂ©muriens dĂ©pendant de sites dortoirs

    Characterization of the microbiome of the invasive Asian toad in Madagascar across the expansion range and comparison with a native co-occurring species

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    Biological invasions are on the rise, with each invader carrying a plethora of associated microbes. These microbes play important, yet poorly understood, ecological roles that can include assisting the hosts in colonization and adaptation processes or as possible pathogens. Understanding how these communities differ in an invasion scenario may help to understand the host's resilience and adaptability. The Asian common toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus is an invasive amphibian, which has recently established in Madagascar and is expected to pose numerous threats to the native ecosystems. We characterized the skin and gut bacterial communities of D. melanostictus in Toamasina (Eastern Madagascar), and compared them to those of a co-occurring native frog species, Ptychadena mascareniensis, at three sites where the toad arrived in different years. Microbial composition did not vary among sites, showing that D. melanostictus keeps a stable community across its expansion but significant differences were observed between these two amphibians. Moreover, D. melanostictus had richer and more diverse communities and also harboured a high percentage of total unique taxa (skin: 80%; gut: 52%). These differences may reflect the combination of multiple host-associated factors including microhabitat selection, skin features and dietary preferences

    Anthropogenic landscape change and amphibian diversity in tropical montane biodiversity hotspots: insights from satellite remote sensing in the Madagascar highlands

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    The magnitude of anthropogenic landscape change in tropical montane biodiversity hotspots and its relationship with biodiversity is a global issue that remains ‘locked-in’ in the broad narrative of tropical change in Africa. Over a montane biodiversity hotspot of Madagascar highlands (Ankaratra Massif), we conducted analysis on land cover change with Landsat satellite sensor data to identify the magnitude of change (1995–2016) and on the habitat change–amphibian diversity relationship to understand links with biodiversity. The results evidenced that 17.8% of the biodiversity hotspot experienced change in land cover in only 20 years. That pressured the already threatened forests, particularly since 2005. Of the total forest area in 1995 (2062.7 ha), 21.5% was cleared by 2016 (1618.3 ha). Changes in forest cover followed a bidirectional pattern. While in the period 1995–2005, forests expanded at a rate of 2.0% year−1 (from 2062.7 to 2524.8 ha), the area declined between 2005 and 2016 at a rate of − 4.1% year−1, fourfold the rate reported nationally for Madagascar (− 1.1% year−1). Forest-to-shrubland transitions emerged as being of increasing concern to forest integrity. We identified a significant link between habitat change and amphibian diversity, but only for species richness. Counter to expectations, no significant relationship was found between species richness and deforestation rates, and between microendemism rates and any of the habitat change variables. Species richness responded to the spatiotemporal variability in vegetation dynamics represented by the standard deviation of the Normalized Differenced Vegetation Index (NDVI_std). Species richness was strongly negatively related to NDVI_std in the short-term (R2 = 0.91, p = 0.003) and long-term (R2 = 0.69, p = 0.03), increasing where the spatiotemporal variability in NDVI was lower. The magnitude of changes in this biodiversity hotspot suggests that region-specific assessments are necessary in the context of the tropical change narrative in Africa and should consider conservation policies tailored for local conditions. Reducing deforestation and land conversion rates through a management plan codesigned with local communities is urgent. Habitat change appears to impact on amphibian diversity by altering the functional attributes of the habitat and not just by reducing habitat extent. NDVI_std seems a relevant indirect metric for monitoring such change although other biophysical attributes obtained from satellite sensor data should be integrated and explored.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

    Estimation des densités et tailles de population du MicrocÚbe Roux du Nord de (Microcebus tavaratra) dans la région Loky-Manambato (Daraina)

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    La rĂ©gion Loky-Manambato dans le Nord de Madagascar, est connue pour abriter le propithĂšque Ă  couronne dorĂ©e (Propithecus tattersalli), un lĂ©murien emblĂ©matique et endĂ©mique de la rĂ©gion. NĂ©anmoins cette rĂ©gion composĂ©e d’une dizaine de fragments forestiers de taille moyenne et encore relativement peu Ă©tudiĂ©s, abrite aussi le microcĂšbe roux du nord (Microcebus tavaratra). MalgrĂ© la gestion des forĂȘts de cette rĂ©gion par l’ONG Fanamby depuis 2005, aucune Ă©tude n’avait encore Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e dans chacun des fragments forestiers de la rĂ©gion pour dĂ©terminer la prĂ©sence et quantifier la taille des populations de microcĂšbes de chacun d’entre eux. Lors de notre Ă©tude nous avons tentĂ© d’estimer les densitĂ©s et les tailles des populations de M. tavaratra dans neuf des dix principaux fragments forestiers de la rĂ©gion. Dans ce but nous avons utilisĂ© la mĂ©thode de «line transect distance-sampling». Nos rĂ©sultats montrent que les densitĂ©s de microcĂšbes sont relativement Ă©levĂ©es, et varient de 28 Ă  325 ind/kmÂČ entre fragments forestiers de la rĂ©gion. DesĂ©tudes plus approfondies des donnĂ©es collectĂ©es seront nĂ©cessaires pour dĂ©terminer les variables environnementales responsables des diffĂ©rences de densitĂ© observĂ©es.FCT grant: (SFRH/BD/64875/2009); l’Institut Français de la BiodiversitĂ©, GDRI Madagascar, “Laboratoire d’Excellence” (LABEX) TULIP: (ANR -10-LABX-41)

    Daraina sportive lemur (Lepilemur milanoii) density and population size estimates in most of its distribution range: the Loky-Manambato region.

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    The population of the Daraina sportive lemur (Lepilemur milanoii) is believed to be mostly confined to the Loky-Manambato region (Louis et al., 2006). Very little is known about L. milanoii and it is classified as “Data Deficient” by the IUCN (IUCN, 2013; Schwitzer et al., 2013). Despite the management of the area by the NGO Fanamby since 2005, no study had been conducted to determine the presence and the abundance of L. milanoii in the main forest fragments of the region. During the 2011 dry season we surveyed the ten main forest fragments of the Loky-Manambato region and estimated L. milanoii densities and population sizes using line transect distance sampling (Buckland, 2001) and the DISTANCE software (Thomas et al., 2010). The results suggest that sportive lemur densities are reasonably high in the region, but with important discrepancies between forest fragments, with densities ranging from 49.8 ind./kmÂČ in Antsaharaingy to 590.5 ind./kmÂČ in Ampondrabe. For the region Loky-Manambato we were able to estimate a population size of 52,000 individuals. This is the first estimate for the total population size and we argue that similar studies should be repeated to monitor environmental changes and anthropogenic pressures (hunting, deforestation, mining, etc.).FCT grant: (SFRH/BD/64875/2009); the Groupement de Recherche International (GDRI); "Laboratoire d’Excellence" (LABEX) entitled TULIP : (ANR-10-LABX-41); Rufford Small Grant Foundation grant: (10941-1)

    Life History Traits and Longevity of the Invasive Asian Common Toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799) in Madagascar

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    We analyzed the body length, age structure, and age at sexual maturity of the invasive Asian common toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus from different sites in Toamasina, east Madagascar. We used skeletochronology as a proxy for age estimation, while gonads were histologically analyzed to determine the age of sexual maturity. The analysis of pooled age data from three sites investigated in 2016 showed that both sexes were larger, although not older, than those of native populations. For the individuals from Madagascar, the males were significantly smaller and younger (mean ± SD, SVL: 71.4 ± 1.6 mm; age: 1.8 ± 0.7 years) than the females (SVL: 78.42 ± 1.9 mm; age: 2.7 ± 1.3 years), when the data were pooled, but when the data were analyzed separately for each of the three sites, similar results were obtained only for one site. The oldest recorded male and female were 3 and 6 years old, respectively. Gonadal histology showed that the males and females reach sexual maturity after the first and second years of age, respectively. Further studies are needed to understand if the larger size and faster growth rates observed in the invasive population of D. melanostictus in Madagascar are a consequence of more favorable environmental conditions with respect to the native range (e.g., the availability of larger trophic niches, a lack of competitors, and lower predatory pressure), and we suggest to extend the monitoring of these life history traits to understand how they might influence the invasion
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