Morphometric studies on the embryonic gall bladder and cystic duct of Gaddi Sheep in different prenatal age groups

The objective in the present study was to reconnoiter the morphological structure and biometrical parameters of embryonic gallbladder and cystic duct during the fetal life of Gaddi sheep. A Total number of 40 Gaddi sheep foetii samples were collected irrespective of sex and without any external anomaly or pathology. The age estimation of each foetus was done and accordingly the foetii were grouped as; group-I (1-60days), group-II (61-90days) groupIII (91-120days) and group-IV (121 –full term). The gall bladder from each foetii were excised hygienically. Gall bladder appeared at Crown Rump Length CRL 6.0 cm (46 days of gestationl age) and was slate blue colour in fresh state and settled into the visceral surface of right lobe of liver. It had single opening which continued as cystic duct. The maximum length and width of gall bladder (1.85 cm and 0.75 cm respectively) and cystic duct (1.68 cm and 0.18 cm respectively) increased with the advancement of gestational age

Can Levothyroxine Be Taken as Evening Dose? Comparative Evaluation of Morning versus Evening Dose of Levothyroxine in Treatment of Hypothyroidism

152 drug naïve primary hypothyroid patients were divided into morning (Group 1) and evening (Group 2) dosing group and evaluated for change in biochemical profile, physical functioning and Quality of Life during the course of 12 weeks of study. At the end of 12 weeks 70 (90.90%) subjects in Group 1 and 72 (96%) in Group 2 achieved euthyroidism. On evaluation clinical symptoms and total clinical scores improved in both the groups at the end of 6 and 12 weeks. Significant improvement in thyroid profile was seen in both the groups at the end of 6 and 12 weeks (P value <.0001). On intergroup comparison, no significant difference in thyroid profile was seen at 6 and 12 weeks between the morning and the evening dose group. Similar dose of levothyroxine was required to achieve euthyroidism in both the groups. Though an early restoration of euthyroidism was seen in evening group, the difference when compared to the morning group was not statistically significant. On assessment of QoL, statistically significant improvement in various parameters was seen in both the groups. Hence, from the study we inferred that evening dose is as efficacious as morning dose and provides an alternate dosing regimen

Torpedoes in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, essential tremor, and control brains

Purkinje cell axonal swellings ("torpedoes"), described in several cerebellar disorders as well as essential tremor (ET), have not been quantified in common neurodegenerative conditions

Pharmaceutical Marketing: A Literature Review

Marketing is the essence businesses and the business fraternity globally have accepted this norm of marketing the products effectively in order to achieve desired results. One of the premier and global Industry is Pharmaceutical Industry. It has a wide range of scope right from over the counter (OTC) products to life savings drugs to medical equipments. So much so that Medical Education at large includes a separate section as Pharmaceutical Education and this premium education experiences builds the base for Pharma Product manufacturing. Getting across these products to the Market requires essential skills and hence it signifies the efforts of Pharmaceutical Marketing. As against the Marketing of general product, Pharma Marketing involves further more essentialities as it belongs to the category of useful &amp; needy products but not desired products as one never plans in general to buy a medicine or medical equipment unless prescribed or advised under medical care. This factor poses the massive challenge in the field of Pharmaceutical marketing. The Review paper attempts to understand the essence &amp; concept of Pharmaceutical Marketing. It further aims to massively review the existing literature on Pharmaceutical Marketing and present the inferences. This conceptual study is completed with the help of Secondary data. It encompasses the thoughts of authors &amp; researchers who have contributed to the Pharmaceutical Marketing domain. The Review has been categorised into studies of Marketing Mix, Consumer Behaviour towards Pharma Products, Green Marketing approach and execution of Pharma Marketing. The Papers &amp; literature reviewed have been selected on Author’s convenience &amp; judgement, which may result in the limitation for study and the inferences presented may be indicative rather exhaustive

Common Fixed Point Theorems for Random Operators in Hilbert Space

Our main aim of this paper is introduced some new unique common random fixed point theorems of random operators in Hilbert Space by considering a sequence of measurable functions satisfying conditions A or B and C. Our results are motivated from [3, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Mathematics Subject Classification: 54H25, 47H10. Keywords: Separable Hilbert space, Random operators, Common random fixed point, Cauchy sequenc

Comparative Gross and Biometrical Studies on the Heart of Gaddi Sheep and Gaddi Goats

This study presents a comparative gross and biometrical analysis of the heart in Gaddi sheep and Gaddi goats of Himachal Pradesh. Sixteen heart samples (eight from each species) were collected from healthy adult animals at a local abattoir. Gross anatomical observations revealed that the heart of both species was located ventrally within the mediastinum extending from the third to the sixth intercostal space. The heart of the goat appeared more conical as compared to the relatively less tapered heart of the sheep. In both species the heart exhibited a triangular shape with a blunt apex entirely formed by the left ventricle. A considerable amount of epicardial fat was observed on the surface of heart in both the species. Biometric analysis demonstrated that the mean heart weight was 107.5 ± 2.54g in Gaddi sheep and 113.8 ± 2.85 g in Gaddi goats. The mean length of the anterior border (base to apex) measured 68.0 ± 4.4 mm in sheep and 72.7 ± 2.2 mm in goats. The mean heart diameter was recorded as 174.0 ± 17.6 mm in sheep and 176.0 ± 3.0 mm in goats. Additional parameters including circumference at the coronary groove, thicknesses of the ventricular walls and moderator band and external diameters of the aorta and vena cava were also assessed. The comparative data indicated that most biometrical parameters were greater in Gaddi goats than in Gaddi sheep highlighting species-specific anatomical differences that may have physiological and clinical relevance

Association Rule Mining on Metrological and Remote Sensing Data With Weka Tool

Drought is one of the major environmental disasters in many parts of the world. There are several possibilities of drought monitoring based on ground measurements, hydrological, climatologically and Remote Sensing data. Drought indices that derived by meteorological data and Remote Sensing data have coarse spatial and temporal resolution. Because of the spatial and temporal variability and multiple impacts of droughts, we need to improve the tools and data available for mapping and monitoring this phenomenon on all scales. In this paper we present discovering knowledge by association rules from metrological and Remote Sensing data and we have also used descriptive modeling. For calculating drought taking metrological data which is extract from metrological department of Pune at Maharastra (India) and Remote Sensing data is extract from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Predictors of outcome in myxoedema coma: a study from a tertiary care centre

BACKGROUND: With the easy availability of thyroid hormone assays, thyroid disorders are now recognised even in a subclinical state. However, patients are still seen with advanced manifestations of the disease, particularly in developing countries. This observational study analysed the predictors of outcome in patients with myxoedema coma and tested the validity of different modules to define morbidity and mortality in these patients. METHODS: Twenty-three consecutive patients with myxoedema coma who presented from January 1999 to August 2006 were studied. The thyroid function test and random serum cortisol were measured in all patients at the time of admission. Patients were given oral or intravenous (i.v.) thyroxine with intention to treat with the latter according to availability. Various modules that predict outcome, including Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score, and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, were analysed. SOFA score was repeated every 2 days until the time of discharge or demise. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients (20 women; 87%) of 59.5 +/- 14.4 years of age (range, 30 to 89 years) were seen during the study period. Nine (39%) patients were diagnosed with hypothyroidism for the first time at the time of presentation of myxoedema coma, whereas 14 (70%) were diagnosed with hypothyroidism previously. However, the treatment defaulters presented early to the hospital and had more severe manifestations than de novo subjects. Nineteen (82%) had thyroprivic (primary) and 4 (17%) had trophoprivic (secondary) hypothyroidism. Fifteen (65%) patients presented in the winter and in 17 (74%) sepsis was the major accompanying comorbidity. Twelve (52%) had a history of diuretic use, thereby delaying the initial diagnosis. Patients who received oral L-thyroxine had no difference in outcome from those receiving i.v. thyroxine. Twelve (52%) subjects died and sepsis was the predominant cause of death. Various predictors of mortality included hypotension (p = 0.01) and bradycardia (p = 0.03) at presentation, need for mechanical ventilation (p = 0.00), hypothermia unresponsive to treatment (p = 0.01), sepsis (p = 0.01), intake of sedative drugs (p = 0.02), lower GCS (p = 0.03), high APACHE II score (p = 0.04), and high SOFA score (p = 0.00). However, SOFA score was more effective than other predictive models as baseline and day 3 SOFA scores of more than 6 were highly predictive of poor outcome. CONCLUSION: L-Thyroxine treatment defaulters had more severe manifestations compared with de novo subjects. Outcome was not influenced by either aetiology or route of administration of L-thyroxine, and SOFA score was the best outcome predictor model

Comprehensive Overview Of Sickle Cell Disease: Global Impact, Management Strategies, And Future Directions

In this comprehensive overview of Sickle Cell Disease (SCD), the discussion delves into the intricacies of this genetic disorder, emphasizing the global health implications and the urgent need for effective management strategies. SCD, characterized by abnormal, crescent-shaped red blood cells, manifests in various health problems, including pain crises, anemia, infections, and strokes. The prevalence of SCD globally has witnessed a significant rise, with the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 reporting a 41.4% increase in affected individuals from 2000 to 2021.The discussion further highlights the alarming mortality burden associated with SCD, emphasizing the urgency for comprehensive global strategies to prevent and manage the disease. The molecular basis of SCD, particularly the HbS variant leading to sickle cell anemia (SCA), is explored, with SCA remaining the most prevalent and severe form despite numerous variants. Global distribution of SCD is intricately linked to historical malaria prevalence, with regions like sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and India experiencing higher prevalence. However, disparities in diagnosis and treatment between resource-limited and higher-income countries underscore the need for global recognition and intervention. The multifaceted management of SCD involves early diagnosis, preventive measures, and a multidisciplinary approach to complications. While therapies like hydroxyurea, l-glutamine, and stem cell transplant show promise, ongoing research and global awareness are crucial. Government actions are pivotal in establishing effective public health programs, as illustrated by the varying interventions in India, Italy, and the United States. In conclusion, the discussion outlines the complex landscape of SCD, emphasizing the global impact, the need for ongoing research, and the importance of concerted efforts in disease management and prevention. This comprehensive overview serves as a foundation for informed decision-making and future strategies to address the significant burden of SCD worldwide