Precoded Large Scale Multi-User-MIMO System Using Likelihood Ascent Search for Signal Detection

Multiple antennas at each user equipment (UE) and/or thousands of antennas at the base station (BS) comprise the extremely spectrum efficient large scale multi-user multiple input multiple output system (BS). Due to space constraints, the closely spaced numerous antennas at each UE may cause inter antenna interference (IAI). Furthermore, when one UE comes into contact with another UE in the same cellular network, multi-user interference (MUI) may be introduced to the received signal. To mitigate IAI, efficient precoding pre-coding is necessary at each UE, and the MUI present at the BS can be canceled by efficient Multi-user Detection (MUD) techniques. The majority of earlier literature deal with one or more of these interferences. This paper implements a joint pre-coding and MUD, Lenstra-Lovasz (LLL) based Lattice Reduction (LR) assisted likelihood accent search (LAS) (LLL-LR-LAS), to mitigate IAI and MUI simultaneously LLL-based LR pre-coding mitigates IAI at each UE, and the LAS algorithm is a neighborhood search-based MUD that cancels BS MUI. The proposed approaches' performance was evaluated using Bit Error Rate analysis, and their complexity were determined using multiplication and addition.Dr. Mohammad Alibakhshikenari acknowledges support from the CONEX-Plus programme funded by Universidad Carlos III de Madrid and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant agreement No. 801538. Also, this work was supported by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Gobierno de España (Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional-FEDER-, European Union) under the research Grant PID2021-127409OB-C31 CONDOR. Funding for APC: Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (Read & Publish Agreement CRUE-CSIC 2022)

Targeted Nanoparticles for Imaging Incipient Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Kimberly Kelly and colleagues describe the discovery of plectin-1 as a novel biomarker for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and the subsequent development of a specific imaging probe using this marker

Hypoglycaemic and Hypolipidaemic Effects of Withania somnifera Root and Leaf Extracts on Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

Withania somnifera is an important medicinal plant, which is used in traditional medicine to cure many diseases. Flavonoids were determined in the extracts of W. somnifera root (WSREt) and leaf (WSLEt). The amounts of total flavonoids found in WSREt and WSLEt were 530 and 520 mg/100 g dry weight (DW), respectively. Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of WSREt and WSLEt were also investigated in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. WSREt and WSLEt and the standard drug glibenclamide were orally administered daily to diabetic rats for eight weeks. After the treatment period, urine sugar, blood glucose, haemoglobin (Hb), glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C), liver glycogen, serum and tissues lipids, serum and tissues proteins, liver glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P) and serum enzymes like aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were determined. The levels of urine sugar, blood glucose, HbA1C, G6P, AST, ALT, ACP, ALP, serum lipids except high density lipoprotein-bound cholesterol (HDL-c) and tissues like liver, kidney and heart lipids were significantly (p < 0.05) increased, however Hb, total protein, albumin, albumin:globulin (A:G) ratio, tissues protein and glycogen were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Treatment of the diabetic rats with WSREt, WSLEt and glibenclamide restored the changes of the above parameters to their normal level after eight weeks of treatment, indicating that WSREt and WSLEt possess hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic activities in alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus (DM) rats

Reconfigurable Metasurface: Enabling Tunable Reflection in 6G Wireless Communications

With the continuous advancement of technology, there is an increasing need for innovative solutions that can handle complex applications such as haptic communications, Internet of Things for smart cities, automation, and manufacturing. One technology that has received much attention is the phase reconfigurable metasurface for reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs). The RIS demands low-power consumption, simple configuration, angular stability, and polarization insensitivity. The use of phase reconfigurable metasurfaces provides benefits such as low cost, low power consumption, and improved communication coverage and quality. This article introduces a reconfigurable combined-loop metasurface that can effectively manipulate phase reflection. This is achieved by incorporating four PIN diodes between two meta-atoms of a 2 × 2 periodic array within a single-layer metallic structure. By controlling the state of the PIN diodes, which can be switched into 16 different states, the metasurface can achieve various phase reflections. The proposed structure has validated a 32× 32 metasurface through numerical simulations and experiments that exhibit promising results, demonstrating its potential for use in 6G applications

Underwater Wireless Sensor Network Performance Analysis Using Diverse Routing Protocols

The planet is the most water-rich place because the oceans cover more than 75% of its land area. Because of the unique activities that occur in the depths, we know very little about oceans. Underwater wireless sensors are tools that can continuously transmit data to one of the source sensors while monitoring and recording their surroundings’ physical and environmental parameters. An Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) is the name given to the network created by collecting these underwater wireless sensors. This particular technology has a random path loss model due to the time-varying nature of channel parameters. Data transmission between underwater wireless sensor nodes requires a careful selection of routing protocols. By changing the number of nodes in the model and the maximum speed of each node, performance parameters, such as average transmission delay, average jitter, percentage of utilization, and power used in transmit and receive modes, are explored. This paper focuses on UWSN performance analysis, comparing various routing protocols. A network path using the source-tree adaptive routing-least overhead routing approach (STAR-LORA) Protocol exhibits 85.3% lower jitter than conventional routing protocols. Interestingly, the fisheye routing protocol achieves a 91.4% higher utilization percentage than its counterparts. The results obtained using the QualNet 7.1 simulator suggest the suitability of routing protocols in UWSN

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks Performance Comparison Utilizing Telnet and Superframe.

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) have recently established themselves as an extremely interesting area of research thanks to the mysterious qualities of the ocean. The UWSN consists of sensor nodes and vehicles working to collect data and complete tasks. The battery capacity of sensor nodes is quite limited, which means that the UWSN network needs to be as efficient as it can possibly be. It is difficult to connect with or update a communication that is taking place underwater due to the high latency in propagation, the dynamic nature of the network, and the likelihood of introducing errors. This makes it difficult to communicate with or update a communication. Cluster-based underwater wireless sensor networks (CB-UWSNs) are proposed in this article. These networks would be deployed via Superframe and Telnet applications. In addition, routing protocols, such as Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Fisheye State Routing (FSR), Location-Aided Routing 1 (LAR1), Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR), and Source Tree Adaptive Routing-Least Overhead Routing Approach (STAR-LORA), were evaluated based on the criteria of their energy consumption in a range of various modes of operation with QualNet Simulator using Telnet and Superframe applications. STAR-LORA surpasses the AODV, LAR1, OLSR, and FSR routing protocols in the evaluation reports simulations, with a Receive Energy of 0.1 mWh in a Telnet deployment and 0.021 mWh in a Superframe deployment. The Telnet and Superframe deployments consume 0.05 mWh transmit power, but the Superframe deployment only needs 0.009 mWh. As a result, the simulation results show that the STAR-LORA routing protocol outperforms the alternatives

Low Complexity Signal Detection for Massive MIMO in B5G Uplink System

Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (M-MIMO) is realized as a mandatory technique for Beyond Fifth Generation (B5G) wireless networks. In next-generation node B (gNB) uplink transmission, M-MIMO requires a low-complexity signal detection scheme with an increased number of antennas to attain high channel capacity and reliability. To attain close-optimal performance in these B5G systems, the Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) detection scheme is preferred at the gNB but it demands a complex matrix inversion concerning the number of users. Hence, this article proposes a Modified Weighted Two Stage (MWTS) iterative algorithm with an appropriate initial solution to realize MMSE detection at reduced complexity. MWTS detection algorithm is formulated by integrating the first half iteration phase of the weighted two-stage with the previous phase and ignoring the second half iteration. Further to improve the performance of the B5G system, a low-complexity soft decision Viterbi decoder is introduced at gNB. With K users, the proposed modifications display a reduction in computational complexity of 4K2&#x002B;16K as compared to the weighted two-stage algorithm of 7K2&#x002B;8K. Simulation results confirm that the proposed MWTS algorithm yields lower complexity and near-optimal performance close to MMSE detection