Synergistic formulation for reactive dyes extraction using benign based emulsion liquid membrane

Dye loaded in the wastewater is considered as a pollutant due to its toxicity and carcinogenic effect. Hence, the removal of dyes from wastewater is highly demanded. There are many methods introduced for the extraction of dyes but they consume high energy and chemicals. Emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) extraction is one of the promising techniques to simultaneously extract and recover solute from wastewater solution. However, it has some drawbacks such as slow extraction rate, low loading capacity and use of non-friendly based diluent. In this research, emulsion liquid membrane was studied as an alternative method to extract and recover the dye from wastewater. The aims of this study are to formulate a synergistic extractant liquid membrane on extraction of dye (Orange 3R) using palm oil as a diluent, to study the mechanism of Orange 3R extraction and stripping process and optimization of ELM extraction of Orange 3R. The liquid membrane formulation was investigated on the selection of the extractant and synergist extractant using liquid-liquid extraction process. The mechanism of extraction and stripping process was determined by selection of extractant and synergist extractant concentration, extraction kinetic of dyes and selection of stripping agents and its concentration using liquid-liquid extraction process. ELM process was optimized using response surface methodology for four parameters which were surfactant concentration, treat ratio, agitation speed, and extraction time. The important parameter affecting the recovery process of dye which is initial feed concentration was investigated. Results showed that the liquid membrane formulation was determined using Tricaprylmethylammonium Chloride (Aliquat 336) as an extractant and Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) as a synergist extractant. The extraction and stripping process was performed at 0.08 M D2EHPA, 0.1 M Aliquat 336, and 0.1 M NaOH, where 86 and 100% of dyes has been extracted and stripped respectively in liquid-liquid extraction process. The optimum condition for ELM extraction performance was achieved at 3.2 % (w/v) of surfactant concentration (Span 80), 12000 rpm of homogenizer speed, 12 minutes of extraction time, 1:9.8 of treat ratio, and 413 rpm of agitation speed. At this condition, 90 % of dye was extracted and 28% was stripped. Almost 10 times of wastewater volume can be treated by a single volume of emulsion liquid membrane. Therefore, ELM process is a promising technology to separate dye from wastewater while solving environmental problems simultaneously

Metodologi Khusus Penafsiran Al-Quran dalam Kitab Tafsir Al-Maraghi

Tafsir as an explanation for the holy book of the Al-Qur'an is one of the studies that never goes out of the way. The reason is that as an important branch of Islamic scholarship, it is one of the things that continues to be done considering that Muslims are obliged to understand the book of instructions. Overall the method of interpretation is divided into four in general, namely tahlili, ijmali, muqaran and maudhu'i. Among the tafsir books that use the tahili method in modern times is the al-Maraghi interpretation written by a mufassir named Ahmad Mustafa al-Maraghi. He has been devoting his skills in interpreting the Qur'an for 10 years with a distinction in it. Al-Maraghi in interpreting Alquan has a special method, namely classifying verses, explaining globally, explaining groups of verses in detail and presenting a history in explaining them. Then the interpretation of al-Maraghi is also away from the terms of science or science because the style of interpretation chosen is al-adab al-ijtima'i

Respons Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Mentimun Jepang Akibat Pengurangan Dosis Pupuk Urea, SP-36, dan KCl

Optimalisasi pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman mentimun jepang dapat disebabkan oleh penggunaan jenis dan dosis pupuk yang tepat. Dosis yang tepat membuat tanaman tidak mengalami defisiensi maupun toksisitas sehingga tanaman mampu tumbuh dan berkembang secara optimal. Tujuan penelitian yakni mengkaji respons pertumbuhan dan hasil mentimun jepang pada pengurangan dosis pupuk urea, SP-36, dan KCl. Penelitian menggunakan experimental design dengan metode Rancangan Acak Kelompok satu faktor dan terdiri dari 6 taraf yakni kontrol, pengurangan dosis pupuk 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, dan 25%. Pengurangan dosis pupuk mempengaruhi terhadap biomasa akar dan biomasa tajuk ketika tanaman berumur 2 MST, bobot buah per tanaman, dan total padatan terlarut. Namun, pengurangan dosis pupuk tidak mempengaruhi terhadap warna dan jumlah daun ketika tanaman berumur 1 - 4 MST, kandungan klorofil-a, klorofil-b, dan klorofil-total, biomasa akar dan biomasa tajuk ketika tanaman berumur 4 MST, serta panjang buah. Pengurangan dosis pupuk 5-15% efektif menghasilkan biomasa akar dan biomasa tajuk ketika tanaman berumur 2 MST, serta bobot buah per tanaman lebih besar dibandingkan kontrol dan pengurangan dosis 20-25%. Pengurangan dosis pupuk 10-20% efektif menghasilkan bobot buah lebih besar dibandingkan kontrol dan pengurangan dosis pupuk 25%

Liquid membrane component selection for removal of phenol from simulated aqueous waste solution

Phenol is considered as one of the environmental pollutants in various industrial effluents that needs to be removed. One of the potential methods for the removal and recovery of phenol is the emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) process. In order to prepare astable and efficient emulsion liquid membrane, selecting the components of the membrane is crucial to the process development. This research was conducted to investigate the feasibility of palm oil as an organic solvent in liquid membrane (LM) formulation for phenol extraction and to study the effects of several parameters which affect the extraction and recovery performance of phenol using liquid-liquid extraction. The feasibility of palm oil was investigated by manipulating the organic solvent used, either palm oil or a mixture of palm oil and kerosene. Several parameters such as type of carrier, carrier concentration, type of stripping agent and stripping agent concentration were varied during LM component selection. The results showed that mixed palm oil and kerosene provides a high potential as an organic solvent for the extraction of phenol. About 71% of phenol was extracted at a palm oil to kerosene ratio of 70:30 and assisted with shorter time of phase separation between loaded organic and phenol feed phase. The addition of 0.1M of TBP (tributyl phosphate) as a carrier increased the extraction of phenol to 86% and prevented the third phase formation. Meanwhile, 2M of sodium hydroxide was able to act as a stripping agent to recover 81% of the phenol from the overall process. It can be concluded that palm oil has shown great potential in extracting phenol and could be applied in an ELM process as a green solvent for an emulsion liquid membrane process

[Children's Stress Management According to Islamic Perspective] Pengurusan Stres Anak-Anak Menurut Perspektif Islam

Abstract Everyone could not escape from hardship in life whereby it may result heterogeny feelings including stress. Stress is one of a serious mental illness that can be suffered since childhood.  The lack of children control towards stress may result many negative impacts to their physical, emotion and mental. Therefore, Islam had place parents as one of children educator and mentor for their every single problem in life. The purpose of this research is to discuss several strategies in managing children stress in accordance to Islamic perspective. This article is a qualitative research which use documentation methodology for collecting data and thematic analysis for analyzing data. The data’s collected based on this research themes such as health, psychology, parenting education and early childhood education according to Islamic approach. This paper identified several convenient and suitable ways for children’s stress management according to Islamic views. Keywords: stress management, children, Islamic perspective.   Abstrak Setiap individu tidak terlepas daripada ujian dalam kehidupan yang akhirnya menimbulkan pelbagai perasaan termasuklah keadaan tertekan. Tekanan yang juga disebut sebagai stres merupakan masalah kesihatan mental yang serius sehingga boleh dihidapi sejak peringkat kanak-kanak lagi. Ketidakupayaan anak-anak dalam menguruskan stres boleh menimbulkan pelbagai implikasi negatif kepada fizikal, emosi dan mental. Oleh sebab itu, Islam memposisikan ibu bapa sebagai pendidik dan pembimbing kepada anak-anak dalam setiap urusan termasuklah menguruskan setiap permasalahan mereka. Tujuan kajian ini dijalankan adalah untuk membincangkan strategi mapan dalam menguruskan stres anak-anak menurut perspektif Islam. Artikel ini merupakan kajian kualitatif yang menggunakan metode dokumentasi bagi mengumpul data dan analisis tematik bagi menganalisis data. Data-data tersebut diambil berdasarkan tema berkaitan kajian seperti kesihatan, psikologi, pendidikan keibubapaan dan pendidikan awal kanak-kanak menurut pandangan Islam.  Hasil kajian ini juga telah mengenalpasti beberapa pengurusan stres yang sesuai diguna pakai oleh ibu bapa terhadap anak-anak mereka menurut pandangan Islam. Kata kunci: pengurusan stres, anak-anak, perspektif Islam

Metacognitive skills of Malaysian students in non-routine mathematical problem solving

Metacognitive skills play an important role in solving mathematical problems.However, there is a lack of empirical studies on the role of metacognitive skills in solving mathematical problems, particularly non-routine ones. Therefore, this study was undertaken to identify students' metacognitive skills and the impact of such skills on non-routine mathematical problem solving. By using a quantitative method, a total of 304 students in Johor Bahru district were involved in the study.A Self-Monitoring Questionnaire (SMQ) and a mathematical test were used in data collection.Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, the Mann-Whitney U test, and the Kruskal-Wallis H test.Results showed that the level of the students' performance in solving non-routine mathematical problems was very low. There was also a significant difference in the metacognitive skills among students with different performance levels in solving non-routine mathematical problems, and we concluded that these metacognitive skills should be emphasised in this process

[SUFISM A STUDY ON IBN KHALDUN’S VIEWS WITH THE SPECIAL REFERENCE KITAB SHIFA’ AL-SA’IL WA TAHDHIB AL-MASA’IL] TASAWUF DALAM PESPEKTIF SEJARAH IBN KHALDUN: KAJIAN ANALISIS KITAB SHIFA’ AL-SA’IL WA TAHDHIB AL-MASA’IL

Sufism is a spiritual philosophy based on morals and intuition. It has affected the daily lives of Muslims and their behaviours as well. Actually, Sufism itself since its development has changed in terms of values, since it involves other knowledge which influences the purity of its teachings. To study the concept of Sufism and the history of its development, maintaining the purity of Sufism and returning it to the original teachings of tassawuf is needed especially in regards to Ibn Khaldun’s views since he is one of the scholars who emphasises the discussion and study of Sufism seriously and comprehensively. It can be seen by his objective in evaluating Sufism and producing the point of view to Sufism. Even as a historian and social expert, he also discusses the questions of Sufism from the root of the problem and its impact on the social life of Muslims. This study aims to analyse Ibn Khaldun’s views on the reality of Sufism and the history of its development with special reference to Shifa’ al-Sa’il wa Tahdhib al-Masa’il. To achieve these objectives, the library research method incorporating data collection and data analysis was used. Data analysis was done inductively and deductively.The results of the study have shown that Ibn Khaldun puts his own definition of Sufism comprehensively which is known as mujahadah. The concept of Mujahadah, according to him runs parallel to the history of the knowledge development and practices of Sufism. It began with mujahadah of taqwa, known among the early Sufis as zuhud and wara‘. Furthermore, mujahadah istiqamah and kashf are known as laduni or Sufism. Tasawuf adalah falsafah rohani yang berasaskan akhlak dan intuisi. Ia mempengaruhi kehidupan umat Islam serta memberikan kesan kepada perilaku mereka. Dalam perkembangannya, tasawuf mengalami perubahan nilai serta percampuran dengan ilmu-ilmu lain yang cenderung menodai kemurnian ajarannya. Untuk itu, kajian tentang konsep tasawuf penting dilakukan untuk menjaga kemurnian tasawuf dan mengembalikannya kepada ajaran yang sebenar. Ibn Khaldun merupakan salah seorang ulama yang membahaskan tasawuf secara teliti dan kritis. Perbahasan yang dikemukakan tidak hanya dilihat dari sisi keilmuan, tapi lebih dari itu sebagai pakar sejarah dan sosial kemasyarakatan beliau turut membahaskan persoalan tasawuf daripada akar permasalahan serta kesannya dalam kehidupan sosial umat Islam. Kajian ini bertujuan menganalisis pemikiran tasawuf Ibn Khaldun tentang hakikat tasawuf dan sejarah perkembangannya tumpuan kepada karya beliau, Shifa’ al-Sa’il wa Tahdhib al-Masa’il. Bagi mencapai objektif tersebut, kaedah kajian kepustakaan yang berteraskan kaedah pengumpulan dan analisis data melalui induktif dan deduktif digunakan. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa Ibn Khaldun telah memberikan pengertian kepada tasawuf secara komprehensif yang beliau sebut sebagai mujahadah. Konsep mujahadah ini, selari dengan sejarah perkembangan dan amalan ahli sufi. Ia bermula dengan mujahadah takwa, iaitu peringkat awal sufi yang dikenali dengan zuhud dan warak. Seterusnya, mujahadah istiqamah dan kasyaf yang dikenali dengan ilmu laduni atau tasawuf

[Muraqabah and Mahabbah According to al-Sarraj: An Analysis According to The Perspective of Human Spiritual Development] Muraqabah dan Mahabbah Menurut al-Sarraj: Satu Analisis Menurut Perspektif Pembangunan Rohani Insan

Abu Nasr al-Tusi al-Sarraj was a Tasawwuf’s Sufi which highly contributes in providing methods and practices based on the guidance of Al-Quran and Sunnah as well as pearls of wisdom from respectable Sufis of Tasawwuf. He who lived around the fourth century of Hijra was recognized as one of the Tasawwuf’s Sufi who emphasized the concept of maqamat and ahwal as the main principle of Tasawwuf especially in soul building, thus developing the spirituality of human being towards a nobler and blessed by Allah. This research applies the methodology of qualitative approach. The data are derived from written documents such as books, journals, thesis and seminar proceeding. This article discusses the concept of muraqabah and mahabbah according to Abu Nasr al-Tusi al-Sarraj in his writing al-Luma’ fi Tarikh al-Tasawwuf of al-Islami. Finding of the research shows that the concept of muraqabah and mahabbah is among the concept that plays important role in developing the soul and spirituality of human. Al-Sarraj’s view is found to be aligned and parallel with the view of other respected Tasawwuf’s Sufis. The concept of muraqabah and mahabbah as explained by al-Sarraj seemed to be relevance and significant to be appreciated by communities nowadays. The appreciation then will help to create Muslims with an inner peace, always aware of evil and sin as well as putting the love towards Allah as the highest love in their soul. This article is expected to provide significant contribution toward the corpus of spiritual education of today’s community which seems to decline in their faith and decrease in their love towards Allah. Hopefully, this article will be capable of increasing the quality of Muslims as the best people among all people in the world. Abu Nasr al-Tusi al-Sarraj merupakan seorang ulama tasawuf yang berjasa besar dalam meletakkan kaedah dan pengamalan tasawuf berasaskan panduan al-Quran dan sunnah serta mutiara hikmah para ulama tasawuf muktabar. Beliau yang hidup sekitar abad keempat Hijrah diakui sebagai salah seorang ulama tasawuf yang turut mengetengahkan konsep maqamat dan ahwal sebagai prinsip utama tasawuf khususnya dalam membina jiwa dan seterusnya membangunkan rohani insan ke arah yang lebih mulia dan diredai Allah. Kajian ini mengaplikasikan pendekatan kualitatif. Data-data diperolehi melalui dokumen bertulis seperti buku, jurnal, tesis, prosiding seminar dan sebagainya. Artikel ini membincangkan konsep muraqabah dan mahabbah menurut Abu Nasr al-Tusi al-Sarraj dalam penulisan karya beliau al-Luma’ fi Tarikh al-Tasawwuf al-Islami. Hasil kajian menunjukkan muraqabah dan mahabbah merupakan antara rangkaian ahwal yang memainkan peranan penting dalam membangunkan jiwa atau rohani manusia. Pandangan al-Sarraj berhubung muraqabah dan mahabbah ini didapati sejajar dan seiring dengan pandangan ulama-ulama tasawuf muktabar. Muraqabah dan mahabbah sebagaimana yang dikupas oleh al-Sarraj ini dilihat masih signifikan dan relevan untuk dihayati oleh masyarakat masa kini. Penghayatan tersebut kemudiannya akan mampu membantu melahirkan individu muslim yang tenang, sentiasa berhati-hati dengan maksiat dan kejahatan serta sentiasa meletakkan cinta Allah adalah yang tertinggi di dalam jiwa. Artikel ini diharapkan dapat memberi sumbangan penting terhadap korpus pendidikan rohani ummah masa kini yang dilihat semakin pudar nilai keimanannya dan semakin merosot nilai cinta kepada Allah. Semoga artikel ini dapat lebih meningkatkan lagi kualiti umat Islam sebagai umat terbaik yang dilahirkan untuk manusia seluruhnya

Pemanfaatan Aplikasi Whatsapp sebagai Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Distance Learning

Aplikasi Whatsapp (WA) menjadi media sosial paling populer di seluruh dunia yang dimulai disebabkan pada fitur-fitur yang mudah dan fleksibel untuk digunakan berkomunikasi sehari-hari. Salah satu fitur yang sangat berguna adalah fitur grup chatting, di mana pengguna bisa membuat grup secara pribadi dan bisa dikhususkan untuk apa saja, termasuk untuk kepentingan pendidikan. Dengan kelebihannya, Whatsapp menjadi banyak digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran. Maksud dari penelitian ini ialah mendekskripsikan pemanfaatan aplikasi Whatsapp dalam pembelajaran berbasis distance learning dan peneliti menggunakan kelas E MPBA UIN Malang sebagai objek penelitian ini. Adapun jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini mendekskripsikan pertama, pelaksanaan pemanfaatan Whasapp sebagai media pembelajaran, kedua, kendala pemanfaatan aplikasi Whatsapp dalam pembelajaran berbasis distance learning di kelas E MPBA UIN Malang, dan ketiga, solusi pemanfaatan aplikasi Whatsapp dalam pembelajaran berbasis distance learning di kelas E MPBA UIN Malang.The Whatsapp (WA) application has become the most popular social media in the world which was started due to features that are easy and flexible to use for daily communication. One very useful feature is the group chat feature, where users can create private groups and can be devoted to anything, including educational purposes. With its advantages, Whatsapp has become widely used as a learning medium. The purpose of this study is to describe the use of the Whatsapp application in distance learning-based learning and the researcher uses class E MPBA UIN Malang as the object of this research. The type of this research is descriptive qualitative research. The results of this study describe first, the implementation of the use of Whasapp as a learning medium, second, the obstacles to using the Whatsapp application in distance learning-based learning in class E MPBA UIN Malang, and third, the solution for using Whatsapp applications in distance learning-based learning in class E MPBA UIN Malang

Pengaruh Ilmu Mantik Terhadap Polemik Kalimah al-Tawhid: Satu Kajian Terhadap Khatimah al-Sa‘adah. [The Influence Of Logic On The Polemic Of Kalimah Al-Tawhid: A Study On Khatimah Al-Sa’adah]

Polemik kalimah al-tawhid merupakan polemik yang berlaku antara tiga orang tokoh ilmu kalam di Maghribi pada sekitar abad ke-10, 11 dan 12 H dalam pentafsiran ungkapan la ilaha illa Allah. Mereka ialah Abu Muhammad ‘Abdullah al-Habti al-Kabir, Abu ‘Abdillah Muhammad al-Kharrubi al-Tarabulsi dan juga Abu ‘Abdillah Muhammad al-Yasitani. Ketiga-tiga tokoh tersebut mempunyai tafsiran yang tersendiri dalam memahami ungkapan kalimah al-tawhid berdasarkan metode ilmu nahu, mantik dan juga ilmu kalam. Namun, perselisihan tersebut membawa kepada pertelingkahan yang serius sehingga Abu ‘Ali al-Hasan bin Mas‘ud al-Yusi mengatakan bahawa perselisihan ini menyebabkan setiap kelompok menyalahkan kelompok yang lain hingga ke tahap menyesatkan. Ahmad bin Hasan al-Jawhari menerusi Khatimah al-Sa‘adah cuba mengharmonikan perselisihan ini dan menjelaskan makna bagi kalimah al-tawhid berdasarkan kaedah ilmu nahu, mantik dan juga ilmu kalam. Memandangkan ilmu mantik mempunyai peranan yang mempengaruhi pentafsiran setiap kelompok tokoh tersebut, kajian ini menganalisis peranan dan pengaruh ilmu mantik dalam pemahaman kalimah al-tawhid yang dibahaskan menerusi metode kajian kepustakaan dan analisis teks berdasarkan teks Khatimah al-Sa‘adah serta dokumen karya ulama yang berkaitan. Hasil kajian mendapati ilmu mantik berperanan dalam memberikan kefahaman yang benar mengenai kalimah al-tawhid. Ini amat penting bagi memastikan kefahaman yang benar mengenai kalimah al-tawhid terjaga daripada sebarang kesilapan.The polemic of kalimah al-tawhid is a polemic that took place between three figures of kalam in Morocco around the 10th, 11th and 12th hijri centuries in the interpretation of the la ilaha illa Allah. They are Abu Muhammad 'Abdullah al-Habti, Abu 'Abdillah Muhammad al-Kharrubi al-Tarabulsi  and also Abu 'Abdillah Muhammad al-Yasitani. The three figures have their own interpretations in understanding the expression of the kalimah al-tawhid based on the methods of arabic syntax, logic and also kalam. However, the disagreement between them and their followers has led to a serious conflict that Abu 'Ali al-Hasan  bin Mas'ud al-Yusi  said that this disagreement has caused each group to blame the other group to the point of accusing each other faith as a deviant teaching. Ahmad bin Hasan  al-Jawhari through Khatimah al-Sa’adah tried to harmonize this dispute and explain the meaning of the kalimah al-tawhid based on the methods of arabic syntax, logic and also kalam knowledge. Since logic has a role and influence that affects the interpretation of each group of figures, there is a need to study how the influence of logic in understanding this polemic. Therefore, this study was written to analyze the influence of logic on the polemic of the kalimah al-tawhid through the method of library research and the process of text analysis based on the text of Khatimah al-Sa’adah as well as related scholarly documents. The results of the study found that logic indeed has a role in understanding the word al-tawhid with a correct understanding. This is very important to ensure a genuine understanding of the word al-tawhid from any mistakes