Enslaved to Christ : Paul and the free Corinthian Christian as 'slaves of Christ' : a metaphor theoretical investigation into the Pauline expression δοῦλός Χριστοῦ

Nieuwe Testamen

Electroluminescence of thin-film CdTe solar cells and modules

Includes bibliographical references.2015 Summer.Thin-film photovoltaics has the potential to be a major source of world electricity. Mitigation of non-uniformities in thin-film solar cells and modules may help improve photovoltaic conversion efficiencies. In this manuscript, a measurement technique is discussed in detail which has the capability of detecting such non-uniformities in a form useful for analysis. Thin-film solar cells emit radiation while operating at forward electrical bias, analogous to an LED, a phenomena known as electroluminescence (EL). This process relatively is inefficient for polycrystalline CdTe devices, on the order of 10⁻⁴%, as most of the energy is converted into heat, but still strong enough for many valuable measurements. A EL system was built at the Colorado State University Photovoltaics Laboratory to measure EL from CdTe cells and modules. EL intensity normalized to exposure time and injection current density has been found to correlate very well with the difference between ideal and measured open-circuit voltage from devices that include a GaAs cell, an AlGaAs LED, and several CdTe cells with variations in manufacturing. Furthermore, these data points were found to be in good agreement when overlaid with calibrated data from two additional sources. The magnitude of the inverse slope of the fit is in agreement with the thermal voltage and the intercept was found to have a value near unity, in agreement with theory. The expanded data set consists of devices made from one of seven different band gaps and spans eight decades of EQELED efficiencies. As expected, cells which exhibit major failure of light-dark J-V superposition did not follow trend of well-behaved cells. EL images of selected defects from CdTe cells and modules are discussed and images are shown to be highly sensitive to defects in devices, since the intensity depends exponentially on the cells' voltages. The EL technique has proven to be a useful high-throughput tool for screening of cells. In addition to EL images, other opto-electronics characterization techniques were used to analyze defects in cells and modules such as weak-diode areas, cell delineation near substrate edge, non-uniform chlorine passivation, holes in back contact, high-resistance foreign layer, high back-contact sheet resistance, a discontinuous P3 line scribe (intercell shunt) and shunt through a cell (intracell shunt). Although EL images are proficient at illustrating the location and severity of defects with potentially high spatial resolution and short measurement times, their ability to identify the cause of such defects is limited. EL in concert with Light-Beam-Induced Current (LBIC), however, makes for a powerful ensemble as LBIC can probe different film layers at arbitrary voltage bias conditions, albeit with increased measurement times and potentially reduced spatial resolution

MODELING ANIMAL AND FORAGE RESPONSE TO FERTILIZATION OF ANNUAL RANGELANDS

The response functions for forage, animal gain, and stocking rate were estimated from data obtained in a three-year fertilization experiment on California annual range. Degree-days; the interactions between degree-days and nitrogen, between degree-days and phosphorus-sulphur, and between nitrogen and phosphorus-sulphur; and the lagged forage variable were significant in explaining the variations in forage growth, animal gain, and stocking rate. The impact of PS was more important in interaction with DD or N than by itself. The correct impact of moisture was not found due to misspecification of the variable in the model. The models for the first year and the three years combined were well behaved; however, the models for the last two years combined neither explained adequately nor behaved well.Livestock Production/Industries,

Surface Micro-Machined Capacitive Pressure Sensor

This project entailed the design, fabrication, and testing of a surface micro-machined electret pressure sensor with the possible use as a microphone. The design is based on a capacitance electret microphone. This type of microphone uses a plate that has a built in charge to provide the bias of the system. This eliminates any external bias directly attached to the sensor. The surface micro-machining means that no backside etch is required to form the membrane. Without the backside etch the process can be integrated with a CMOS process much more easily. This electret pressure sensor uses a poly-silicon floating gate that has a fixed charge Q place on it to Create an internal bias between the floating gate and the upper aluminum diaphragm. This means that the device can run without a sustained external bias, instead of the constant bias that a condenser pressure sensor/microphone requires. The devices were fabricated on 6 inch wafers, using a 2 metal and floating gate process. The testing showed that the control gate was shorted to the n-well. This meant the floating gate could not be charged, thus the device could not be tested properly. The process did show the viability of the surface processed diaphragms. They were completely released from the sacrificial resist, and were shown to hold their shape

The construction and use of simple expectancy tables to communicate test results

Call number: LD2668 .R4 1967 R2

Structural Similarity between β3-Peptides Synthesized from β3-Homo-amino Acids or L-Aspartic Acid Monomers

Formation of stable secondary structures by oligomers that mimic natural peptides is a key asset for enhanced biological response. Here we show that oligomeric β3‐hexapeptides synthesized from l‐aspartic acid monomers (β3‐peptides 1, 5a, and 6) or homologated β3‐amino acids (β3‐peptide 2), fold into similar stable 14‐helical secondary structures in solution, except that the former form right‐handed 14‐helix and the later form left‐handed 14‐helix. β3‐Peptides from l‐Asp monomers contain an additional amide bond in the side chains that provides opportunities for more hydrogen bonding. However, based on the NMR solution structures, we found that β3‐peptide from l‐Asp monomers (1) and from homologated amino acids (2) form similar structures with no additional side‐chain interactions. These results suggest that the β3‐peptides derived from l‐Asp are promising peptide‐mimetics that can be readily synthesized using l‐Asp monomers as well as the right‐handed 14‐helical conformation of these β3‐peptides (such as 1 and 6) may prove beneficial in the design of mimics for right‐handed α‐helix of α‐peptides