Etiologia da doença periodontal: revisão de literatura

A doença periodontal é caracterizada como um conjunto de condições inflamatórias, de carater crônico ou agudo, e de origem bacteriana, que começa por afetar o tecido gengival e pode levar, com o tempo, à perda dos tecidos de suporte dos dentes. As reações inflamatórias e imunológicas à placa bacteriana representam as características predominantes da gengivite e da periodontite. A reação inflamatória é visível, microscópica e clinicamente, no periodonto afetado e representa a reação do hospedeiro à microbiota da placa e seus produtos. O processo de infecção no sulco periodontal leva, inicialmente, a formação de uma mucosite periodontal, que pode ser definida como uma inflamação dos tecidos moles periodontáis, sem ocasionar perda óssea, sendo reversível, se o seu diagnóstico for atempado. Os processos inflamatórios e imunológicos atuam nos tecidos gengivais para proteger contra o agressãoes microbianas, impedindo os microrganismos de se disseminarem ou invadirem os tecidos. Em alguns casos, essas reações de defesa do hospedeiro podem ser prejudiciais porque também são passíveis de danificar as células e estruturas vizinhas do tecido conjuntivo. Além disso, as reações inflamatórias e imunológicas cuja extensão alcança níveis mais profundos do tecido conjuntivo, além da base do sulco, podem envolver o osso alveolar nesse processo destrutivo. Assim, tais processos defensivos podem, paradoxalmente, ser os responsáveis pela maior parte da lesão tecidual observada na gengivite e na periodontite. O objectivo desse trabalho é fazer uma revisão de literatura específica sobre a etiologia da doença periodontal respectivamente. Serão descritos os principais agentes microbianos que estão relacionados com a doença periodontal e a forma como influenciam o desenvolvimento da doença, procurando desta forma contribuir para a procura de tratamentos mais eficientes.Periodontal disease is characterized as a collection of inflammatory conditions, chronic or acute nature, and of bacterial origin, which starts affecting the gingival tissue and may lead in time to the loss of supporting tissues of the teeth. Inflammatory and immune responses to plaque represent the predominant characteristics of gingivitis and periodontitis. The inflammatory reaction is visible, microscopic and clinically affected in the periodontium and is the host reaction to the plaque microflora and its products.The process of peri-implant infection groove leads initially to the formation of a peri-implant mucositis, which can be defined as an inflammation of the peri-implant soft tissues without causing bone loss is reversible, if the diagnosis is premature. Inflammatory and immunological processes act in the gingival tissues to protect against microbial attack and prevent microorganisms to invade tissues or disseminate. In some cases, these host defense reactions can be harmful because they are also liable to damage the cells and surrounding tissue structures. In addition, inflammatory and immunological reactions which extension reaches deeper levels of tissue, beyond the groove base, may involve the alveolar bone in this destructive process. Thus, such defensive processes may paradoxically account for most of the tissue damage observed in gingivitis and periodontitis. The aim of this study is to review the literature on the etiology of periodontal disease respectively. Are described which are the main antimicrobial agents that are associated with periodontal disease and thus relates them as they act to disease development, thus being able to relate these pathogens with a more efficient treatment possible

Etiologia da doença periodontal: revisão de literatura

A doença periodontal é caracterizada como um conjunto de condições inflamatórias, de carater crônico ou agudo, e de origem bacteriana, que começa por afetar o tecido gengival e pode levar, com o tempo, à perda dos tecidos de suporte dos dentes. As reações inflamatórias e imunológicas à placa bacteriana representam as características predominantes da gengivite e da periodontite. A reação inflamatória é visível, microscópica e clinicamente, no periodonto afetado e representa a reação do hospedeiro à microbiota da placa e seus produtos. O processo de infecção no sulco periodontal leva, inicialmente, a formação de uma mucosite periodontal, que pode ser definida como uma inflamação dos tecidos moles periodontáis, sem ocasionar perda óssea, sendo reversível, se o seu diagnóstico for atempado. Os processos inflamatórios e imunológicos atuam nos tecidos gengivais para proteger contra o agressãoes microbianas, impedindo os microrganismos de se disseminarem ou invadirem os tecidos. Em alguns casos, essas reações de defesa do hospedeiro podem ser prejudiciais porque também são passíveis de danificar as células e estruturas vizinhas do tecido conjuntivo. Além disso, as reações inflamatórias e imunológicas cuja extensão alcança níveis mais profundos do tecido conjuntivo, além da base do sulco, podem envolver o osso alveolar nesse processo destrutivo. Assim, tais processos defensivos podem, paradoxalmente, ser os responsáveis pela maior parte da lesão tecidual observada na gengivite e na periodontite. O objectivo desse trabalho é fazer uma revisão de literatura específica sobre a etiologia da doença periodontal respectivamente. Serão descritos os principais agentes microbianos que estão relacionados com a doença periodontal e a forma como influenciam o desenvolvimento da doença, procurando desta forma contribuir para a procura de tratamentos mais eficientes.Periodontal disease is characterized as a collection of inflammatory conditions, chronic or acute nature, and of bacterial origin, which starts affecting the gingival tissue and may lead in time to the loss of supporting tissues of the teeth. Inflammatory and immune responses to plaque represent the predominant characteristics of gingivitis and periodontitis. The inflammatory reaction is visible, microscopic and clinically affected in the periodontium and is the host reaction to the plaque microflora and its products.The process of peri-implant infection groove leads initially to the formation of a peri-implant mucositis, which can be defined as an inflammation of the peri-implant soft tissues without causing bone loss is reversible, if the diagnosis is premature. Inflammatory and immunological processes act in the gingival tissues to protect against microbial attack and prevent microorganisms to invade tissues or disseminate. In some cases, these host defense reactions can be harmful because they are also liable to damage the cells and surrounding tissue structures. In addition, inflammatory and immunological reactions which extension reaches deeper levels of tissue, beyond the groove base, may involve the alveolar bone in this destructive process. Thus, such defensive processes may paradoxically account for most of the tissue damage observed in gingivitis and periodontitis. The aim of this study is to review the literature on the etiology of periodontal disease respectively. Are described which are the main antimicrobial agents that are associated with periodontal disease and thus relates them as they act to disease development, thus being able to relate these pathogens with a more efficient treatment possible

Robotic Transfer of the Latissimus Dorsi

Robotic surgery has been used for a long time; it is earning space and its use is expanding in daily medical practice in several surgical specialties, with advantages over traditional surgical methods. This Technical Note presents an endoscopic robotic posterior shoulder approach that allows the surgeon to perform latissimus dorsi transfer endoscopically. This Technical Note describes the use of the da Vinci robot (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA) for transfers related to rotator cuff tears

Effects of sea-level rise and climatic changes on mangroves from southwestern littoral of Puerto Rico during the middle and late Holocene

We evaluated the response to sea level rise and climatic changes of the northeastern Caribbean by establishing a palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the Flamenco Lagoon, located in the coastal side of the Guanica Dry Forest, a MAB/UNESCO reserve in the semi-arid southwestern coast of Puerto Rico (17°57′10.31″N, 66°50′39.30″W). The reconstruction was based on pollen records, sediments analysis, δ13C, δ15N, C/N data and AMS 14C dating of one sediment core. The geology of the area is rocky calcareous karst with rocky outcrops and canyons, with intermittent streams that move water during periods of high run-off conditions. The present lagoon is surrounded by rocky outcrops where dry forest vegetation is present on the terrestrial sides, and sand dunes on the coastal side. We propose that the studied lagoon developed after the stabilization of sea level rise in the region following three main stages: (1) before ~ 5400 cal yr BP, sediments were accumulated according to small channels dynamics and trees, shrubs and herbs were present. The sedimentary organic matter was mainly sourced from terrestrial C3 and C4 plants. (2) Between ~ 5400 and ~ 4400 cal yr BP, tidal flats were established and mangroves, mainly represented by Rhizophora trees, migrated landward with sea level rise and established in the area, and the sedimentary organic matter was sourced from terrestrial C3 plants. (3) Around 4400 cal yr BP, sea level was near the stabilization, the endorheic minibasin was closed when a coastal sand dune was established as a result of drier climatic conditions. Mangroves were eliminated from the system as a result of the closure of the area by sand dunes and increased salinity in water due to high evaporative demand of the climate. The pollen dominance of herbaceous and shrubby vegetation prevails until present. Throughout the lagoon development, sedimentary organic matter was sourced from C3 and C4 plants, as well as phytoplankton organic matter. The closure of the lagoon and the drier conditions prevalent in the region during the late Holocene, which lasts until the present day, and increased the contribution of salinity tolerant phytoplankton that characterizes the current conditions of the Flamenco Lagoon.Fil: Cohen, Marcelo Cancela Lisboa. Universidade Federal do Pará; BrasilFil: Lara, Ruben Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; ArgentinaFil: Cuevas, Elvira. Universidad de Puerto Rico; Puerto RicoFil: Mulero Oliveras, Eneilis. Universidad de Puerto Rico; Puerto RicoFil: Da Silveira Sternberg, Leonel. University of Miami. Department of Biology; Estados Unido