A possibilidade de uma ciência da mente: o problema da liberdade

This paper is about the possibility of a science of mind, remarking some epistemologic and ethical issues derived from abstract and physicalistic language to describe mental processes. Then it relates these problems with the question of freedom. © Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Sociales.O texto reflete sobre a possibilidade de uma ciência do mental, destacando alguns problemas epistemológicos e éticos derivados do uso de linguagens fisicalistas ou abstratas para descrever os processos mentais. Para tanto, relaciona-se tais problemas a questão da liberdade. © Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Sociales

Práticas de exclusão social: reflexões teórico-epistemológicas em torno de um campo de estudos

The economic, social, technological and cultural transformations that took place during the modern era constituted a field of tension between, the valuation of individuality in the political plane and the emergence of new subjectivities and, the tendency towards normalization, homogenization and management of such subjectivities. Within this scenario, social exclusion practices, of those subjects that do not conform to the positively valued standards, are transformed and are more sophisticated. This paper aims to present a theoretical-epistemological reflection on the current relevance of social exclusion studies. Three perspectives are examined: the theory of the exclusion/inclusion dialectic, the approach of exclusion from studies on social interaction and the possibility of a psychology of exclusion based on the theory of intersubjective recognition. Finally, we recognize the transdisciplinary character of social exclusion, from a psychosocial perspective.Las transformaciones económicas, sociales, tecnológicas y culturales que tuvieron lugar durante la modernidad constituyeron un campo de tensión entre, por un lado, la valoración de la individualidad en el plano político y la aparición de nuevas subjetividades y, por el otro, la tendencia a la normalización, homogeneización y gestión de tales subjetividades. Dentro de este escenario, se transforman y se sofistican prácticas de exclusión social orientadas a los sujetos que no se ajustan a patrones culturales valorados positivamente. Este texto tiene como objetivo presentar una reflexión teórico-epistemológica sobre el estado actual de este campo de estudio. Para ello, se contrastan tres perspectivas para el estudio de las prácticas de exclusión social: la teoría dialéctica de exclusión / inclusión, el enfoque de exclusión de los estudios sobre interacción social y la posibilidad de una psicología de exclusión basada en la teoría del reconocimiento intersubjetivo. Finalmente, reconocemos el carácter transdisciplinario del campo de estudio sobre las prácticas de exclusión social, desde una perspectiva psicosocial.As transformações econômicas, sociais, tecnológicas e culturais acontecidas durante a modernidade constituíram um campo de tensão entre, de um lado, a valoração da individualidade no plano político e o surgimento de novas subjetividades e, de outro, a tendência à normalização, homogeneização e gestão de tais subjetividades. Dentro desse cenário, transformam-se e sofisticam-se práticas de exclusão social orientadas aos sujeitos que não se adequam aos padrões culturais positivamente valorados. Este texto objetiva apresentar uma reflexão teórico-apistemológica sobre a atualidade desse campo de estudos. Para tal, são contrastadas três perspectivas para o estudo das práticas de exclusão social: a teoria da dialética exclusão/inclusão, a abordagem da exclusão a partir de estudos sobre a interação social e a possibilidade de uma psicologia da exclusão fundamentada na teoria do reconhecimento intersubjetivo. Finalmente, reconhecemos o caráter transdisciplinar do campo de estudos sobre as práticas de exclusão social, a partir de uma perspectiva psicossocial

A Violência obstétrica, emoções e ações coletivas: experiências de integrantes do Fórum da Rede Cegonha

This work aims to analyze the emotions underlying the experiences of obstetric violence lived by the members of the Cegonha Network Forum, in the Porto Seguro region, in Brazil. The research takes a psychosocial perspective of emotions to understand the subjective consequences of obstetric violence. The qualitative case study was the guiding methodological strategy. The information production instruments articulated a documentary analysis of minutes and videos of the meetings of the Cegonha Network Forum and interviews with five women who participate in it and who suffered obstetric violence. Obstetric violence is characterized by various forms of disrespect that harm the personal integrity of pregnant and/or postpartum women, causing negative emotions such as sadness, fear, frustration, revolt, among others. Such experiences can leave traumatic consequences, but they also provide the motivational basis for engaging in collective actions to fight obstetric violence. Finally, it is pointed out that participation in social movements favors the resignification of these emotions.Neste trabalho analisamos as emoções subjacentes às experiências de violência obstétrica vividas pelas integrantes do Fórum da Rede Cegonha, da região de Porto Seguro, no Brasil. A pesquisa assume uma perspectiva psicossocial das emoções, para compreender as consequências subjetivas da violência obstétrica. O estudo de caso qualitativo foi a estratégia metodológica orientadora. Os instrumentos de produção de informação articularam uma análise documental de atas e vídeos das reuniões do Fórum da Rede Cegonha, assim como entrevistas com cinco mulheres que dele participam e sofreram violência obstétrica. A violência obstétrica se caracteriza por variadas formas de desrespeito que ferem a integridade pessoal das gestantes e/ou puérperas, provocando emoções negativas como tristeza, medo, frustação, revolta, dentre outras. Tais experiências podem deixar consequências traumáticas, mas também fornecem a base motivacional para o envolvimento em ações coletivas de luta contra a violência obstétrica. Finalmente, aponta-se que a participação em movimentos sociais favorece a ressignificação dessas emoções

Usos y aprovechamientos de las TIC´S en las Pymes de Bogotá

SMEs represent 95% of companies in the country, there are few that generate sustainability and end up failing in less than 5 years (Bogotá Chamber of Commerce). In this way, the hypothesis arises that its administrative processes and planning fail to meet the demands of competitive markets, which in recent years are immersed in information and communication technologies - ICT. Bogota companies are chosen due to their contribution to the Colombian economy, which is around 32% of the gross domestic product. Therefore, the objective of our work is to analyze the use and exploitation of ICT in SMEs in Bogotá, D.C, through an analytical-descriptive research with a mixed approach. For the scope of this article, the results of 50 SMEs are socialized, which to date, through a survey valued by the Likert scale applied to their managers, it has been found that the administrative processes have the highest implementation of ICT and the human talent factor the lower degree of implementation, likewise, some of the conclusions are given that it is still a significantchallenge for managers of this type of company to use and take advantage of ICT.Las Pymes representan el 95% de las empresas en el país, son pocas las que generan sostenibilidad y terminan fracasando en un tiempo inferior a 5 años (Cámara de Comercio de Bogotá). De esta manera, surge la hipótesis de que sus procesos administrativos y su planeación no logran cubrir las exigencias de mercados competitivos, los cuales en los últimos años están inmersos en las tecnologías de información y comunicación – TIC. Se eligen las empresas de Bogotá debido a su aporte a la economía colombiana que esta alrededor de un 32% del producto interno bruto. Por tanto, el objetivo de nuestro trabajo es analizar el uso y aprovechamiento de las TIC en las Pymes de Bogotá, D.C, mediante una investigación analítica – descriptiva con un enfoque mixto. Para el alcance de este artículo se socializan los resultados de 50 Pymes las cuales a la fecha a través de una encuesta valorada mediante escala Likert que se aplicó a sus gerentes, se ha encontrado que los procesos administrativos cuentan con la mayor implementación de TIC y el factor de talento humano el menor grado de implementación, así mismo, algunas de las conclusiones están dadas en que aún sigue siendo un reto significativo para los gerentes de este tipo de compañías el usar y aprovechar las ventajas de las TIC

Metabolic stasis in an ancient symbiosis: genome-scale metabolic networks from two Blattabacterium cuenoti strains, primary endosymbionts of cockroaches

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Cockroaches are terrestrial insects that strikingly eliminate waste nitrogen as ammonia instead of uric acid. <it>Blattabacterium cuenoti</it> (Mercier 1906) strains Bge and Pam are the obligate primary endosymbionts of the cockroaches <it>Blattella germanica</it> and <it>Periplaneta americana</it>, respectively. The genomes of both bacterial endosymbionts have recently been sequenced, making possible a genome-scale constraint-based reconstruction of their metabolic networks. The mathematical expression of a metabolic network and the subsequent quantitative studies of phenotypic features by Flux Balance Analysis (FBA) represent an efficient functional approach to these uncultivable bacteria.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We report the metabolic models of <it>Blattabacterium</it> strains Bge (<it>i</it>CG238) and Pam (<it>i</it>CG230), comprising 296 and 289 biochemical reactions, associated with 238 and 230 genes, and 364 and 358 metabolites, respectively. Both models reflect both the striking similarities and the singularities of these microorganisms. FBA was used to analyze the properties, potential and limits of the models, assuming some environmental constraints such as aerobic conditions and the net production of ammonia from these bacterial systems, as has been experimentally observed. In addition, <it>in silico</it> simulations with the <it>i</it>CG238 model have enabled a set of carbon and nitrogen sources to be defined, which would also support a viable phenotype in terms of biomass production in the strain Pam, which lacks the first three steps of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. FBA reveals a metabolic condition that renders these enzymatic steps dispensable, thus offering a possible evolutionary explanation for their elimination. We also confirm, by computational simulations, the fragility of the metabolic networks and their host dependence.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The minimized <it>Blattabacterium</it> metabolic networks are surprisingly similar in strains Bge and Pam, after 140 million years of evolution of these endosymbionts in separate cockroach lineages. FBA performed on the reconstructed networks from the two bacteria helps to refine the functional analysis of the genomes enabling us to postulate how slightly different host metabolic contexts drove their parallel evolution.</p

Human Papillomavirus Infection and Lung Cancer

Lung cancer continues to be the most common neoplasia and represents the leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. Nonetheless, contrary to expected projections, the decrease in incidence expected by decrease in tobacco exposure has been partially halted due to an increasing amount of lung cancer cases in nonsmokers, particularly in female patients. This led to the development of new hypotheses in terms of lung cancer etiology, including the involvement of oncogenic viruses such as the human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV role in the pathophysiology of lung cancer, including adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, is currently under research. Exposure to HPV, and the resulting infection, can occur in several possible ways, including sexual transmission and airborne fomites. Main pathogenic occurrences include alterations in inhibition of p53 and retinoblastoma. This chapter presents the current evidence as to the role of HPV in the development of lung cancer, methods to establish HPV infection, and also explores the role of predisposing factors, as well as immunological and inflammatory factors in nonsmokers. Additionally, the role of other molecular factors, such as EGFR, interleukins 6 and 10, and others, is discussed. Finally, future perspectives in this new paradigm of lung cancer in nonsmokers are broadly reviewed

INVERSIÓN, AHORRO Y MOVILIDAD DE CAPITAL EN EL ECUADOR: EVALUACIÓN DE LA PARADOJA FELDSTEIN-HORIOKA: INVESTMENT, SAVING AND CAPITAL MOBILITY IN ECUADOR: EVALUATION OF THE FELDSTEIN-HORIOKA PUZZLE

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar la relación entre inversión y ahorro en el Ecuador durante el período 1960-2018. La metodología es de diseño documental-bibliográfico y de nivel explicativo. Se recurre a estimaciones MCO y se comprueba la relación de largo plazo entre las series mediante el enfoque de Johansen, y la estimación del vector de corrección de errores. Los resultados indican que el efecto del ahorro sobre la inversión es significativo y relativamente alto, entre 0,47 y 0,87 en todas las esti-maciones, lo cual sugiere que en el período de estudio la movilidad de capital ha sido relativamente baja en el Ecuador. Abstrac. This work aims to determine the relationship between investment and saving in Ecuador during the period 1960-2018. The met-hodology is of documentary-bibliographic design and of an explanatory level. OLS estimates are used and the long run rela-tionship between time series is checked using the Johansen approach, and the estimation of de error correction vector. The results indicate that the effect of saving on investment es significant and relatively high, between 0,47 and 0,87 in all estimates, which sug-gests that in the study period capital mobility has been relatively low in the Ecuado

Mortality and Advanced Support Requirement for Patients With Cancer With COVID-19 : A Mathematical Dynamic Model for Latin America

PURPOSE: In the midst of a global pandemic, evidence suggests that similar to other severe respiratory viral infections, patients with cancer are at higher risk of becoming infected by COVID-19 and have a poorer prognosis. METHODS: We have modeled the mortality and the intensive care unit (ICU) requirement for the care of patients with cancer infected with COVID-19 in Latin America. A dynamic multistate Markov model was constructed. Transition probabilities were estimated on the basis of published reports for cumulative probability of complications. Basic reproductive number (R0) values were modeled with R using the EpiEstim package. Estimations of days of ICU requirement and absolute mortality were calculated by imputing number of cumulative cases in the Markov model. RESULTS: Estimated median time of ICU requirement was 12.7 days, median time to mortality was 16.3 days after infection, and median time to severe event was 8.1 days. Peak ICU occupancy for patients with cancer was calculated at 16 days after infection. Deterministic sensitivity analysis revealed an interval for mortality between 18.5% and 30.4%. With the actual incidence tendency, Latin America would be expected to lose approximately 111,725 patients with cancer to SARS-CoV-2 (range, 87,116-143,154 patients) by the 60th day since the start of the outbreak. Losses calculated vary between < 1% to 17.6% of all patients with cancer in the region. CONCLUSION: Cancer-related cases and deaths attributable to SARS-CoV-2 will put a great strain on health care systems in Latin America. Early implementation of interventions on the basis of data given by disease modeling could mitigate both infections and deaths among patients with cancer

DISEÑO DE UN SISTEMA ABC, ESTUDIO DE TIEMPOS Y MOVIMIENTOS CON SISTEMA DE INCENTIVOS, CELDAS DE MANUFACTURA, MANUAL DE PROCEDIMIENTOS Y KARDEX PARA LA REDUCCIÓN DE COSTOS EN UNA EMPRESA DE DERIVADOS LÁCTEOS

El presente trabajo fue elaborado con el objetivo principal de determinar el impacto del diseño de herramientas en una empresa de derivados lácteos. Para ello, se diseñaron herramientas como sistema ABC, estudio de tiempos y movimientos con sistema de incentivos, celdas de manufactura, manual de procedimientos y Kardex, las cuales previamente pasaron por un análisis de restricciones realistas, siendo estas las mejores alternativas de solución. Seguidamente, se analizó el impacto de cada herramienta sobre los problemas de la empresa; por lo que se diseñaron indicadores e investigaron valores estándar de ingeniería para después, simular las implementaciones de dichas herramientas. Para la desorganización en el almacén, se simuló un valor de 14.29% para A, 38.1% para B y 47.62% para C frente a los estándares de 15%, 30% y 55% respectivamente; en los altos tiempos de procesamiento, se simuló un valor de 7.31% en reducción de tiempos de operaciones e inspecciones frente a un valor estándar de 25%; para la celda de manufactura, se simuló un valor de 13.04% frente al estándar de 0%; para las mermas, se simuló un valor de 11.26 kg al mes frente al estándar de 0 kg, finalmente, para la ruptura de stock, se simuló un valor de 21.53% frente al estándar de 0%. En los resultados, se aprecia un ahorro del 79.15% frente a las pérdidas. Por último, se calculó el impacto económico, un VAN de S/ 3,622, siendo un valor positivo y rentable, un TIR de 6.79%, mayor que la TMAR de 1.53% y un B/C de 1.2

Multigene mutation profiling and clinical characteristics of small-cell lung cancer in never-smokers vs. seavy smokers (Geno1.3-CLICaP)

Objectives: Lung cancer is a heterogeneous disease. Presentation and prognosis are known to vary according to several factors, such as genetic and demographic characteristics. Small-cell lung cancer incidence is increasing in never-smokers. However, the disease phenotype in this population is different compared with patients who have a smoking history. Material and Methods: To further investigate the clinical and genetic characteristics of this patient subgroup, a cohort of small cell lung cancer patients was divided into smokers (n = 10) and never/ever-smokers (n = 10). A somatic mutation profile was obtained using a comprehensive NGS assay. Clinical outcomes were compared using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional models. Results: Median age was 63 years (46–81), 40% were men, and 90% had extended disease. Smoker patients had significantly more cerebral metastases (p = 0.04) and were older (p = 0.03) compared to their non-smoker counterparts. For never/ever smokers, the main genetic mutations were TP53 (80%), RB1 (40%), CYLD (30%), and EGFR (30%). Smoker patients had more RB1 (80%, p = 0.04), CDKN2A (30%, p = 0.05), and CEBPA (30%, p = 0.05) mutations. Response rates to first-line therapy with etoposide plus cisplatin/carboplatin were 50% in smokers and 90% in never/ever smokers (p = 0.141). Median overall survival was significantly longer in never smokers compared with smokers (29.1 months [23.5–34.6] vs. 17.3 months [4.8–29.7]; p = 0.0054). Never/ever smoking history (HR 0.543, 95% CI 0.41–0.80), limited-stage disease (HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.40–0.91) and response to first-line platinum-based chemotherapy (HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.60–0.92) were independently associated with good prognosis. Conclusion: Our data supports that never/ever smoker patients with small-cell lung cancer have better prognosis compared to their smoker counterparts. Further, patients with never/ever smoking history who present with small-cell lung cancer have a different mutation profile compared with smokers, including a high frequency of EGFR, MET, and SMAD4 mutations. Further studies are required to assess whether the differential mutation profile is a consequence of a diverse pathological mechanism for disease onset