Appendix D. A figure showing the proportional contribution of plant families to the pollen loads of stable and declining bumble bee species in Belgium, England, and The Netherlands.

A figure showing the proportional contribution of plant families to the pollen loads of stable and declining bumble bee species in Belgium, England, and The Netherlands

Appendix B. Different pollen taxa observed during the study in Belgium, England, or The Netherlands.

Different pollen taxa observed during the study in Belgium, England, or The Netherlands

Appendix E. A figure showing historic changes in the area covered by leguminous fodder crops and heathland in Belgium, England, and The Netherlands.

A figure showing historic changes in the area covered by leguminous fodder crops and heathland in Belgium, England, and The Netherlands

Appendix C. A figure showing the seasonal and annual distribution of specimens of rare and common bumble bee species present in entomological collections in museums in Belgium, England, and The Netherlands from which the pollen loads were sampled.

A figure showing the seasonal and annual distribution of specimens of rare and common bumble bee species present in entomological collections in museums in Belgium, England, and The Netherlands from which the pollen loads were sampled

Appendix A. The use of "change indices" as an estimate of change in range size.

The use of "change indices" as an estimate of change in range size

Average flower cover

The average flower cover per transect in the wider landscape over the whole survey period

Data from: Effects of landscape complexity on pollinators are moderated by pollinators’ association with mass-flowering crops

Conserving and restoring semi-natural habitat, i.e. enhancing landscape complexity, is one of the main strategies to mitigate pollinator decline in agricultural landscapes. However, we still have limited understanding of how landscape complexity shapes pollinator communities in both crop and non-crop habitat, and whether pollinator responses to landscape complexity vary with their association with mass-flowering crops. Here, we surveyed pollinator communities on mass-flowering leek crops and in nearby semi-natural habitat in landscapes of varying complexity. Surveys were done before and during crop bloom and distinguished between pollinators that visit the crop frequently (dominant), occasionally (opportunistic) or not at all (non-crop). Forty-four percent of the species in the wider landscape were also observed on leek flowers. Crop pollinator richness increased with local pollinator community size and increasing landscape complexity, but relationships were stronger for opportunistic than for dominant crop pollinators. Relationships between pollinator richness in semi-natural habitats and landscape complexity differed between groups with the most pronounced positive effects on non-crop pollinators. Our results indicate that while dominant crop pollinators are core components of crop pollinator communities in all agricultural landscapes, opportunistic crop pollinators largely determine species-richness responses and complex landscapes are local hotspots for both biodiversity conservation and potential ecosystem service-provision

Average pollinator densities per survey period

The average pollinator densities per survey period and for both the wider landscape transects and the crop transects for each agricultural landscape. A distinction is made for each functional group of pollinators

R Script

The R Script used to perform the statistics in the manuscript, and to reproduce figures 2-5