Metalogeny of jurassic karstic bauxites of Vojnik-Maganik and Prekornica mining areas, Montenegro.

U geološkoj građi boksitonosnih rejona Vojnik-Maganik i Prekornica, koji se nalaze u središnjem dijelu Crne Gore, učestvuju geološke tvorevine perma, trijasa, jure, krede, paleogena i kvartara. U geografskom pogledu ovi tereni pripadaju jugoistočnim Dinaridima, a u geotektonskom smislu, tektonskoj zoni Visoki krš, odnosno Kučkoj tektonskoj subjedinici. Jurski karstni boksiti formirani su na karstifikovanom paloreljefu izgrađenom od karbonatnih sedimenata gornjotrijaske, lijaske i doger–oksfordske starosti. Stvaranje karstnih depresija različitih oblika i veličina i intezivna paleokarstifikacija naročito su izraženi u gornjotrijaskim krečnjacima, na kojima se nalaze najveća i najznačajnija ležišta crvenih boksita u Crnoj Gori. Na osnovu geoloških uslova, teksturnih, mineraloških i geohemijskih karakteristika boksita, ležišta jurskih karstnih boksita rudnih rejona Vojnik- Maganik i Prekornica pripadaju grupi primarnih ("in situ") ležišta. Diskordantno preko boksita i karbonatnog paleoreljefa različite starosti, na čitavom proučavanom prostoru nalaze se transgresivni slojeviti i bankoviti krečnjaci gornjeg kimeridža i titona. Na osnovu mineraloških ispitivanja (DTA i TG, XRD i SEM-EDS) utvrđeno je da je glavni nosilac aluminije u ležištima boksita rudnih rejona Vojnik–Maganik i Prekornica mineral bemit. Od ostalih glavnih minerala prisutni su kaolinit, gibsit, hematit, getit i anatas. Detektovani su još i monacit i ksenotim; REE karbonati-Ce i Nd, ilmenit, magnetit, motramit, biotit, K-feldspat, cirkon i drugi. Veoma jaka pozitivna korelacija elemenata rijetkih zemalja, P i Sr ukazuje na važnu ulogu minerala fosfora kao glavnih minerala nosilaca elemenata rijetkih zemalja. Prisustvo rezidualnog i autigenog monacita i ksenotima jasno ukazuje da prvi minerali elemenata rijetkih zemalja potiču iz primarnih izvora, dok su drugi formirani u prvim fazama boksitizacije, u oksidacionim uslovima. Na osnovu rezultata ispitivanja 252 probe boksita dokazana je verikalna distribucija elemenata rijetkih zemalja, sa značajnim povećanjem sadržaja REE u donjem dijelu rudnih tijela i visoka korelacija između lakih, srednjih i teških lantanida. Geohemijskim proučavanjem boksita [hemijske analize, geohemijske analize makro i mikroelemenata (ICP-MS) i oksida, mikroelemenata i elemenata rijetkih zemalja (ICP-AES/MS)] i statističkom obradom podataka, univarijantnim, bivarijantnim i multivarijantnim metodama, utvrđeno je da se u procesu METALOGENIJA JURSKIH KARSTNIH BOKSITA RUDNIH REJONA VOJNIK–MAGANIK I PREKORNICA, CRNA GORA v boksitizacije matičnog alumosilikatnog materijala izlužuju: Si, Na, K, Ba, Rb i Mg, dok se akumuliraju: Al, Ti, Fe, Zr, Cr, Ga i Th, kao i U i V. U donjem dijelu boksitnih tijela koncentrišu se P, Sr, Sc i sa njima Y i ostali REE. Ova grupa elemenata geohemijski je povezana sa Ca, Ni, Co, i Mn. Svi analizirani uzorci imaju negativnu Eu anomaliju sa relativno malim rasponom, dok anomalije Ce pokazuju dvojako ponašanje...The Vojnik-Maganik and Prekornica bauxite-bearing regions are situated in the central part of Montenegro, where Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleocene and Quaternary geological units form the geological structure. Geographically, these terrains are part of southeast Dinarides, and geo-tectonically they are part of the High Karst tectonic zone, therefore tectonic subunit of Kuči. Jurassic karstic bauxites are formed on the karstified paleorelief made of carbonate sediments of Late Triassic, Early Jurassic and Middle Jurassic–Oxfordian age. Creation of karstic depressions of various shapes and sizes was especially significant on Late Triassic limestones, on which, the biggest and the most important deposits of red bauxite in Montenegro, were formed. Based on geological conditions, textures, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of bauxites, deposits of Vojnik-Maganik and Prekornica ore regions are classified as primary karstic (“in situ”) deposits. Transgressive bedded and thick-bedded limestone of the Late Kimmeridgian and Tithonian age are laying discordantly over the Jurassic bauxites and carbonate paleotopographic relief of various ages. Based on mineralogical studying (DTA i TG, XRD i SEM-EDS) it has been determined that the bauxites deposits of the Vojnik-Maganik and Prekornica ore regions consist of boehmite as the major Al mineral. The other major minerals are kaolinite, gibbsite, hematite, goethite and anatase. Other minerals were detected as well, such as monazite and xenotime, REE carbonates-Ce and Nd, ilmenite, magnetite, mottramite, biotite, K-feldspar, zircon, etc. A very strong positive correlation between REE and P and Sr, shows the importance of the P-minerals as the main carriers of the rare earth elements. The presence of residual and authigenic monazite and xenotime is clearly indicating that the some of REE minerals were redeposited from the primary sources, and the other were formed in the early bauxitization stage, under oxidizing conditions. Based on the results of testing of 252 bauxites samples, a vertical distribution of REE has been proven, together with significant increasing of the REE content in the basal parts of the ore bodies and a high correlation between the light, medium and heavy lanthanides. Based on geochemical investigations of bauxites [chemical analyses, geochemical analyses of major and trace elements (ICP-MS) and oxides, trace elements and rare METALOGENIJA JURSKIH KARSTNIH BOKSITA RUDNIH REJONA VOJNIK–MAGANIK I PREKORNICA, CRNA GORA viii earth elements (ICP-AES/MS)], and various methods of statistical data processing, it is determined that, during the bauxitization of parent aluminosilicate materials, the leaching of Si, Na, K, Ba, Rb and Mg occurred, while the Al, Ti, Fe, Zr, Cr, Ga i Th, as well as U and V, were accumulating. In the lower part of the bauxite ore bodies, P, Sr, Sc together with Y and other REE were concentrated. This group of elements is geochemically connected with Ca, Ni, Co and Mn. All analysed samples display negative Eu anomaly with low range, while the Ce anomalies are shows bimodal behaviour..

Need to Improve the Natural Aggregate Resources Supply in the City of Belgrade (Serbia)

The City of Belgrade is the largest market for aggregates in Serbia but the production of natural aggregates is rather small, around five percent of total consumption. This reflects the geology of the City of Belgrade territory, dominated by Neogene and Quaternary sedimentary rocks. The production of crushed rock and sand and gravel on the territory of Belgrade was almost equal, while majority of imported aggregates is sand and gravel due to lower price. Consumption of crushed rocks includes around 90 % of limestone and dolomite, the rest being magmatic rocks. The main issue of using crushed rock on the territory of the City of Belgrade is the long transport routes, which are usually near or more than 100 km, creating more logistic problems and increasing cost of aggregates Therefore it is necessary to establish a good supply system with low socio-environmental impact of aggregate production and transport, and the basis for that is the analysis of actual structure of production and supply of natural aggregates and new potential quarries and/or sand and gravel pits

The primary and secondary mineral resources of Montenegro and their mapping into the European data model

Primary and secondary mineral resources are of strategic importance to the EU economy. Montenegro, as a country candidate for membership in the EU, is required to follow (and later to implement) European policies, strategies as well as initiatives, including those related to mineral resources and the mining sector. The importance of providing access to mineral raw materials in the future is recognized by the EU, as well as meeting the needs of European industry, maintaining employment and ensuring further development. Considering the overall economic situation in Montenegro, it is important to encourge the mining sector and other industries based on the use of mineral resources in making a greater contribution to the development and sustainability of society as a whole and also increase the share of national GDP. The potential for discovery and utilization of primary and secondary mineral resources in Montenegro is demonstrated. The most important metallic mineral resources are bauxite, lead and zinc, while conventional energy resources include coal (oil and gas potential has yet to be proven). In addition, there are abundant non-metallic mineral raw materials - industrial minerals and construction materials. Secondary mineral resources, especially aluminous red mud (bauxite residue), are also significant and have been the subject of research in recent years. Tailings from flotation processes at operating and abandoned lead and zinc mines might also be of interest for metal recovery. Bottom and flay ash from thermal power plants, slag from steel production, as well as marlstone and limestone from the hanging wall of coal deposits may also have potential. Waste rocks could be used particularly for secondary aggregate production. A database was developed and the most important deposits of primary and secondary mineral resources in Montenegro were mapped during the RESEERVE project. Mineral data were harmonised so as to be INSPIRE compliant. In addition, some novel geochemical exploration results of secondary mineral resources are presented

REE deposits in Adria region : karstic bauxites

The workshop "Rare Earth Elements value chain gaps and opportunities in the ADRIA region" is organized as part of the EIT project RECO2MAG - Novel grain boundaries engineered resource efficient Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets (financed by EIT KIC Raw Material)

REE deposits in Adria region : karstic bauxites

The workshop "Rare Earth Elements value chain gaps and opportunities in the ADRIA region" is organized as part of the EIT project RECO2MAG - Novel grain boundaries engineered resource efficient Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets (financed by EIT KIC Raw Material)

The Potential for REE and Associated Critical Metals in Karstic Bauxites and Bauxite Residue of Montenegro

Research for critical raw materials is of special interest, due to their increasing demand, opulence of applications and shortage of supply. Bauxites, or bauxite residue after alumina extraction can be sources of critical raw materials (CRMs) due to their content of rare earth elements and other critical elements. Montenegrin bauxites and bauxite residue (red mud) are investigated for their mineralogy and geochemistry. The study of the CRM’s potential of the Montenegrin bauxite residue after the application of Bayer process, is performed for the first time. Montenegrin bauxites, (Jurassic bauxites from the Vojnik-Maganik and Prekornica ore regions from the Early Jurassic, Middle Jurassic-Oxfordian and Late Triassic paleorelief) are promising for their REE’s content (around 1000 ppm of ΣREE’s). More specifically, they are especially enriched in LREEs compared to HREEs. Regarding other CRMs and other elements, Ti, V, Zr, Nb, Sr and Ga could also be promising. In bauxite residue, the contents of Zr, Sr, V, Sc, La, Ce, Y, Ti and Nb are higher than those in bauxites. However, raw bauxites and bauxite residue as a secondary raw material can be considered as possible sources of CRMs

Metalogeny of jurassic karstic bauxites of Vojnik-Maganik and Prekornica mining areas, Montenegro.

U geološkoj građi boksitonosnih rejona Vojnik-Maganik i Prekornica, koji se nalaze u središnjem dijelu Crne Gore, učestvuju geološke tvorevine perma, trijasa, jure, krede, paleogena i kvartara. U geografskom pogledu ovi tereni pripadaju jugoistočnim Dinaridima, a u geotektonskom smislu, tektonskoj zoni Visoki krš, odnosno Kučkoj tektonskoj subjedinici. Jurski karstni boksiti formirani su na karstifikovanom paloreljefu izgrađenom od karbonatnih sedimenata gornjotrijaske, lijaske i doger–oksfordske starosti. Stvaranje karstnih depresija različitih oblika i veličina i intezivna paleokarstifikacija naročito su izraženi u gornjotrijaskim krečnjacima, na kojima se nalaze najveća i najznačajnija ležišta crvenih boksita u Crnoj Gori. Na osnovu geoloških uslova, teksturnih, mineraloških i geohemijskih karakteristika boksita, ležišta jurskih karstnih boksita rudnih rejona Vojnik- Maganik i Prekornica pripadaju grupi primarnih ("in situ") ležišta. Diskordantno preko boksita i karbonatnog paleoreljefa različite starosti, na čitavom proučavanom prostoru nalaze se transgresivni slojeviti i bankoviti krečnjaci gornjeg kimeridža i titona. Na osnovu mineraloških ispitivanja (DTA i TG, XRD i SEM-EDS) utvrđeno je da je glavni nosilac aluminije u ležištima boksita rudnih rejona Vojnik–Maganik i Prekornica mineral bemit. Od ostalih glavnih minerala prisutni su kaolinit, gibsit, hematit, getit i anatas. Detektovani su još i monacit i ksenotim; REE karbonati-Ce i Nd, ilmenit, magnetit, motramit, biotit, K-feldspat, cirkon i drugi. Veoma jaka pozitivna korelacija elemenata rijetkih zemalja, P i Sr ukazuje na važnu ulogu minerala fosfora kao glavnih minerala nosilaca elemenata rijetkih zemalja. Prisustvo rezidualnog i autigenog monacita i ksenotima jasno ukazuje da prvi minerali elemenata rijetkih zemalja potiču iz primarnih izvora, dok su drugi formirani u prvim fazama boksitizacije, u oksidacionim uslovima. Na osnovu rezultata ispitivanja 252 probe boksita dokazana je verikalna distribucija elemenata rijetkih zemalja, sa značajnim povećanjem sadržaja REE u donjem dijelu rudnih tijela i visoka korelacija između lakih, srednjih i teških lantanida. Geohemijskim proučavanjem boksita [hemijske analize, geohemijske analize makro i mikroelemenata (ICP-MS) i oksida, mikroelemenata i elemenata rijetkih zemalja (ICP-AES/MS)] i statističkom obradom podataka, univarijantnim, bivarijantnim i multivarijantnim metodama, utvrđeno je da se u procesu METALOGENIJA JURSKIH KARSTNIH BOKSITA RUDNIH REJONA VOJNIK–MAGANIK I PREKORNICA, CRNA GORA v boksitizacije matičnog alumosilikatnog materijala izlužuju: Si, Na, K, Ba, Rb i Mg, dok se akumuliraju: Al, Ti, Fe, Zr, Cr, Ga i Th, kao i U i V. U donjem dijelu boksitnih tijela koncentrišu se P, Sr, Sc i sa njima Y i ostali REE. Ova grupa elemenata geohemijski je povezana sa Ca, Ni, Co, i Mn. Svi analizirani uzorci imaju negativnu Eu anomaliju sa relativno malim rasponom, dok anomalije Ce pokazuju dvojako ponašanje...The Vojnik-Maganik and Prekornica bauxite-bearing regions are situated in the central part of Montenegro, where Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleocene and Quaternary geological units form the geological structure. Geographically, these terrains are part of southeast Dinarides, and geo-tectonically they are part of the High Karst tectonic zone, therefore tectonic subunit of Kuči. Jurassic karstic bauxites are formed on the karstified paleorelief made of carbonate sediments of Late Triassic, Early Jurassic and Middle Jurassic–Oxfordian age. Creation of karstic depressions of various shapes and sizes was especially significant on Late Triassic limestones, on which, the biggest and the most important deposits of red bauxite in Montenegro, were formed. Based on geological conditions, textures, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of bauxites, deposits of Vojnik-Maganik and Prekornica ore regions are classified as primary karstic (“in situ”) deposits. Transgressive bedded and thick-bedded limestone of the Late Kimmeridgian and Tithonian age are laying discordantly over the Jurassic bauxites and carbonate paleotopographic relief of various ages. Based on mineralogical studying (DTA i TG, XRD i SEM-EDS) it has been determined that the bauxites deposits of the Vojnik-Maganik and Prekornica ore regions consist of boehmite as the major Al mineral. The other major minerals are kaolinite, gibbsite, hematite, goethite and anatase. Other minerals were detected as well, such as monazite and xenotime, REE carbonates-Ce and Nd, ilmenite, magnetite, mottramite, biotite, K-feldspar, zircon, etc. A very strong positive correlation between REE and P and Sr, shows the importance of the P-minerals as the main carriers of the rare earth elements. The presence of residual and authigenic monazite and xenotime is clearly indicating that the some of REE minerals were redeposited from the primary sources, and the other were formed in the early bauxitization stage, under oxidizing conditions. Based on the results of testing of 252 bauxites samples, a vertical distribution of REE has been proven, together with significant increasing of the REE content in the basal parts of the ore bodies and a high correlation between the light, medium and heavy lanthanides. Based on geochemical investigations of bauxites [chemical analyses, geochemical analyses of major and trace elements (ICP-MS) and oxides, trace elements and rare METALOGENIJA JURSKIH KARSTNIH BOKSITA RUDNIH REJONA VOJNIK–MAGANIK I PREKORNICA, CRNA GORA viii earth elements (ICP-AES/MS)], and various methods of statistical data processing, it is determined that, during the bauxitization of parent aluminosilicate materials, the leaching of Si, Na, K, Ba, Rb and Mg occurred, while the Al, Ti, Fe, Zr, Cr, Ga i Th, as well as U and V, were accumulating. In the lower part of the bauxite ore bodies, P, Sr, Sc together with Y and other REE were concentrated. This group of elements is geochemically connected with Ca, Ni, Co and Mn. All analysed samples display negative Eu anomaly with low range, while the Ce anomalies are shows bimodal behaviour..

Metalogeny of jurassic karstic bauxites of Vojnik-Maganik and Prekornica mining areas, Montenegro.

U geološkoj građi boksitonosnih rejona Vojnik-Maganik i Prekornica, koji se nalaze u središnjem dijelu Crne Gore, učestvuju geološke tvorevine perma, trijasa, jure, krede, paleogena i kvartara. U geografskom pogledu ovi tereni pripadaju jugoistočnim Dinaridima, a u geotektonskom smislu, tektonskoj zoni Visoki krš, odnosno Kučkoj tektonskoj subjedinici. Jurski karstni boksiti formirani su na karstifikovanom paloreljefu izgrađenom od karbonatnih sedimenata gornjotrijaske, lijaske i doger–oksfordske starosti. Stvaranje karstnih depresija različitih oblika i veličina i intezivna paleokarstifikacija naročito su izraženi u gornjotrijaskim krečnjacima, na kojima se nalaze najveća i najznačajnija ležišta crvenih boksita u Crnoj Gori. Na osnovu geoloških uslova, teksturnih, mineraloških i geohemijskih karakteristika boksita, ležišta jurskih karstnih boksita rudnih rejona Vojnik- Maganik i Prekornica pripadaju grupi primarnih ("in situ") ležišta. Diskordantno preko boksita i karbonatnog paleoreljefa različite starosti, na čitavom proučavanom prostoru nalaze se transgresivni slojeviti i bankoviti krečnjaci gornjeg kimeridža i titona. Na osnovu mineraloških ispitivanja (DTA i TG, XRD i SEM-EDS) utvrđeno je da je glavni nosilac aluminije u ležištima boksita rudnih rejona Vojnik–Maganik i Prekornica mineral bemit. Od ostalih glavnih minerala prisutni su kaolinit, gibsit, hematit, getit i anatas. Detektovani su još i monacit i ksenotim; REE karbonati-Ce i Nd, ilmenit, magnetit, motramit, biotit, K-feldspat, cirkon i drugi. Veoma jaka pozitivna korelacija elemenata rijetkih zemalja, P i Sr ukazuje na važnu ulogu minerala fosfora kao glavnih minerala nosilaca elemenata rijetkih zemalja. Prisustvo rezidualnog i autigenog monacita i ksenotima jasno ukazuje da prvi minerali elemenata rijetkih zemalja potiču iz primarnih izvora, dok su drugi formirani u prvim fazama boksitizacije, u oksidacionim uslovima. Na osnovu rezultata ispitivanja 252 probe boksita dokazana je verikalna distribucija elemenata rijetkih zemalja, sa značajnim povećanjem sadržaja REE u donjem dijelu rudnih tijela i visoka korelacija između lakih, srednjih i teških lantanida. Geohemijskim proučavanjem boksita [hemijske analize, geohemijske analize makro i mikroelemenata (ICP-MS) i oksida, mikroelemenata i elemenata rijetkih zemalja (ICP-AES/MS)] i statističkom obradom podataka, univarijantnim, bivarijantnim i multivarijantnim metodama, utvrđeno je da se u procesu METALOGENIJA JURSKIH KARSTNIH BOKSITA RUDNIH REJONA VOJNIK–MAGANIK I PREKORNICA, CRNA GORA v boksitizacije matičnog alumosilikatnog materijala izlužuju: Si, Na, K, Ba, Rb i Mg, dok se akumuliraju: Al, Ti, Fe, Zr, Cr, Ga i Th, kao i U i V. U donjem dijelu boksitnih tijela koncentrišu se P, Sr, Sc i sa njima Y i ostali REE. Ova grupa elemenata geohemijski je povezana sa Ca, Ni, Co, i Mn. Svi analizirani uzorci imaju negativnu Eu anomaliju sa relativno malim rasponom, dok anomalije Ce pokazuju dvojako ponašanje...The Vojnik-Maganik and Prekornica bauxite-bearing regions are situated in the central part of Montenegro, where Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleocene and Quaternary geological units form the geological structure. Geographically, these terrains are part of southeast Dinarides, and geo-tectonically they are part of the High Karst tectonic zone, therefore tectonic subunit of Kuči. Jurassic karstic bauxites are formed on the karstified paleorelief made of carbonate sediments of Late Triassic, Early Jurassic and Middle Jurassic–Oxfordian age. Creation of karstic depressions of various shapes and sizes was especially significant on Late Triassic limestones, on which, the biggest and the most important deposits of red bauxite in Montenegro, were formed. Based on geological conditions, textures, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of bauxites, deposits of Vojnik-Maganik and Prekornica ore regions are classified as primary karstic (“in situ”) deposits. Transgressive bedded and thick-bedded limestone of the Late Kimmeridgian and Tithonian age are laying discordantly over the Jurassic bauxites and carbonate paleotopographic relief of various ages. Based on mineralogical studying (DTA i TG, XRD i SEM-EDS) it has been determined that the bauxites deposits of the Vojnik-Maganik and Prekornica ore regions consist of boehmite as the major Al mineral. The other major minerals are kaolinite, gibbsite, hematite, goethite and anatase. Other minerals were detected as well, such as monazite and xenotime, REE carbonates-Ce and Nd, ilmenite, magnetite, mottramite, biotite, K-feldspar, zircon, etc. A very strong positive correlation between REE and P and Sr, shows the importance of the P-minerals as the main carriers of the rare earth elements. The presence of residual and authigenic monazite and xenotime is clearly indicating that the some of REE minerals were redeposited from the primary sources, and the other were formed in the early bauxitization stage, under oxidizing conditions. Based on the results of testing of 252 bauxites samples, a vertical distribution of REE has been proven, together with significant increasing of the REE content in the basal parts of the ore bodies and a high correlation between the light, medium and heavy lanthanides. Based on geochemical investigations of bauxites [chemical analyses, geochemical analyses of major and trace elements (ICP-MS) and oxides, trace elements and rare METALOGENIJA JURSKIH KARSTNIH BOKSITA RUDNIH REJONA VOJNIK–MAGANIK I PREKORNICA, CRNA GORA viii earth elements (ICP-AES/MS)], and various methods of statistical data processing, it is determined that, during the bauxitization of parent aluminosilicate materials, the leaching of Si, Na, K, Ba, Rb and Mg occurred, while the Al, Ti, Fe, Zr, Cr, Ga i Th, as well as U and V, were accumulating. In the lower part of the bauxite ore bodies, P, Sr, Sc together with Y and other REE were concentrated. This group of elements is geochemically connected with Ca, Ni, Co and Mn. All analysed samples display negative Eu anomaly with low range, while the Ce anomalies are shows bimodal behaviour..

Online course: Rare Earth Elements value chain gaps and opportunities in the ADRIA region

The workshop "Rare Earth Elements value chain gaps and opportunities in the ADRIA region" is organized as part of the EIT project RECO2MAG - Novel grain boundaries engineered resource efficient Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets (financed by EIT KIC Raw Material)