Evolutionary conundrum of RNase P: from a catalytic RNA form to a protein only enzyme form

RNaza P je esencijalna endonukleaza koja katalizira procesiranje 5'-vodećeg slijeda pre-tRNA. Postoje dva tipa RNaze P: RNA-ovisni enzim tj ribonukleoprotein te isključivo proteinska RNaza P (PRORP). Oba oblika koriste sličan mehanizam katalize i prepoznavanja supstrata te je nedavno otkriveno da isključivo proteinski oblik postoji u svim domenama života, a ne samo kod eukariota, što je dovelo do pitanja zašto su oba oblika RNaze P opstala i koji je oblik onda zapravo ancestralni. Istraživanja komponenti ribonukleoproteinskog oblika RNaze P otkrila su da osim što ovaj enzim ima ulogu katalize procesiranje pre-tRNA, njegove podjedinice sudjeluju u mnogim drugim biokemijskim procesima koji su bitni za normalno funkcioniranje stanice zbog čega je njegov opstanak u stanici esencijalan. RNP oblici RNaze P u svim domenama života imaju visoko očuvano aktivno mjesto katalize, za razliku od PRORP oblika koji ne dijele nikakvu sličnost. Ove činjenice ukazuju na to da je RNP oblik ancestralni, a da su PRORP oblici kasnije neovisno konvergentno evoluirali. Evolucijska priča RNaze P veoma je kompleksna i postoje mnoga nagađanja kako se odvijala, no pravi odgovor još uvijek ostaje enigmaRNase P is an essential endonuclease responsible for catalyzing 5’ end maturation of pre-tRNAs. Two types of RNase P enzymes exist: RNA-dependent enzymes (ribonucleoproteins) and protein-only RNase Ps (PRORP). A recent discovery that both types of RNase P exist in all domains of life and that both types use a similar mechanism for catalysis and substrate recognition, inspires questions relating to the ancestral form of RNase P as well as to the reasoning for retention of both types in contemporary organisms. The protein components of RNA-dependent enzymes are not only involved in the catalyzes of 5' end maturation but they also play an important role in various biochemical processes in the cell. This may provide a plausible explanation why the retention of these proteins is essential. The active site of the RNA-dependent type of RNase P is universally conserved in all domains of life, unlike the active site of the protein only types of RNase P which greatly varies. This suggests that the RNA-dependent type of RNase P is the ancestral form and that the diverse PRORP forms convergently evolved afterwards. The evolutionary story of RNase P is very complex and there are many speculations on how RNase P evolved but the real answer is still not clear

Evolutionary conundrum of RNase P: from a catalytic RNA form to a protein only enzyme form

RNaza P je esencijalna endonukleaza koja katalizira procesiranje 5'-vodećeg slijeda pre-tRNA. Postoje dva tipa RNaze P: RNA-ovisni enzim tj ribonukleoprotein te isključivo proteinska RNaza P (PRORP). Oba oblika koriste sličan mehanizam katalize i prepoznavanja supstrata te je nedavno otkriveno da isključivo proteinski oblik postoji u svim domenama života, a ne samo kod eukariota, što je dovelo do pitanja zašto su oba oblika RNaze P opstala i koji je oblik onda zapravo ancestralni. Istraživanja komponenti ribonukleoproteinskog oblika RNaze P otkrila su da osim što ovaj enzim ima ulogu katalize procesiranje pre-tRNA, njegove podjedinice sudjeluju u mnogim drugim biokemijskim procesima koji su bitni za normalno funkcioniranje stanice zbog čega je njegov opstanak u stanici esencijalan. RNP oblici RNaze P u svim domenama života imaju visoko očuvano aktivno mjesto katalize, za razliku od PRORP oblika koji ne dijele nikakvu sličnost. Ove činjenice ukazuju na to da je RNP oblik ancestralni, a da su PRORP oblici kasnije neovisno konvergentno evoluirali. Evolucijska priča RNaze P veoma je kompleksna i postoje mnoga nagađanja kako se odvijala, no pravi odgovor još uvijek ostaje enigmaRNase P is an essential endonuclease responsible for catalyzing 5’ end maturation of pre-tRNAs. Two types of RNase P enzymes exist: RNA-dependent enzymes (ribonucleoproteins) and protein-only RNase Ps (PRORP). A recent discovery that both types of RNase P exist in all domains of life and that both types use a similar mechanism for catalysis and substrate recognition, inspires questions relating to the ancestral form of RNase P as well as to the reasoning for retention of both types in contemporary organisms. The protein components of RNA-dependent enzymes are not only involved in the catalyzes of 5' end maturation but they also play an important role in various biochemical processes in the cell. This may provide a plausible explanation why the retention of these proteins is essential. The active site of the RNA-dependent type of RNase P is universally conserved in all domains of life, unlike the active site of the protein only types of RNase P which greatly varies. This suggests that the RNA-dependent type of RNase P is the ancestral form and that the diverse PRORP forms convergently evolved afterwards. The evolutionary story of RNase P is very complex and there are many speculations on how RNase P evolved but the real answer is still not clear

Evolutionary conundrum of RNase P: from a catalytic RNA form to a protein only enzyme form

RNaza P je esencijalna endonukleaza koja katalizira procesiranje 5'-vodećeg slijeda pre-tRNA. Postoje dva tipa RNaze P: RNA-ovisni enzim tj ribonukleoprotein te isključivo proteinska RNaza P (PRORP). Oba oblika koriste sličan mehanizam katalize i prepoznavanja supstrata te je nedavno otkriveno da isključivo proteinski oblik postoji u svim domenama života, a ne samo kod eukariota, što je dovelo do pitanja zašto su oba oblika RNaze P opstala i koji je oblik onda zapravo ancestralni. Istraživanja komponenti ribonukleoproteinskog oblika RNaze P otkrila su da osim što ovaj enzim ima ulogu katalize procesiranje pre-tRNA, njegove podjedinice sudjeluju u mnogim drugim biokemijskim procesima koji su bitni za normalno funkcioniranje stanice zbog čega je njegov opstanak u stanici esencijalan. RNP oblici RNaze P u svim domenama života imaju visoko očuvano aktivno mjesto katalize, za razliku od PRORP oblika koji ne dijele nikakvu sličnost. Ove činjenice ukazuju na to da je RNP oblik ancestralni, a da su PRORP oblici kasnije neovisno konvergentno evoluirali. Evolucijska priča RNaze P veoma je kompleksna i postoje mnoga nagađanja kako se odvijala, no pravi odgovor još uvijek ostaje enigmaRNase P is an essential endonuclease responsible for catalyzing 5’ end maturation of pre-tRNAs. Two types of RNase P enzymes exist: RNA-dependent enzymes (ribonucleoproteins) and protein-only RNase Ps (PRORP). A recent discovery that both types of RNase P exist in all domains of life and that both types use a similar mechanism for catalysis and substrate recognition, inspires questions relating to the ancestral form of RNase P as well as to the reasoning for retention of both types in contemporary organisms. The protein components of RNA-dependent enzymes are not only involved in the catalyzes of 5' end maturation but they also play an important role in various biochemical processes in the cell. This may provide a plausible explanation why the retention of these proteins is essential. The active site of the RNA-dependent type of RNase P is universally conserved in all domains of life, unlike the active site of the protein only types of RNase P which greatly varies. This suggests that the RNA-dependent type of RNase P is the ancestral form and that the diverse PRORP forms convergently evolved afterwards. The evolutionary story of RNase P is very complex and there are many speculations on how RNase P evolved but the real answer is still not clear

Knowledge and awareness of iodine intake - survey among Croatian women of reproductive age

Introduction: Appropriate iodine intake is important for the entire population, especially in fertile women due to decisive role of thyroid hormones in normal foetal brain development. The aim of this study was to investigate knowledge on iodine role among Croatian women of reproductive age. Materials and methods: The survey was conducted among 378 women of reproductive age during May-September 2018. Data on age, education level, salt intake habits, knowledge of the iodine role and possible presence of thyroid disease were collected and results were presented as numbers or percentage of total number of participants. Comparison between groups was performed by Chi square test. Results: Of 378 participants, 178 reported to be familiar with the iodine role in the body (P = 0.115). Significantly higher proportion of the younger woman and woman with lower degree of education weren’t familiar with the iodine role (P < 0.001). More woman were introduced to consequences of insufficient than to excessive iodine intake (273 vs 213; P < 0.001). In addition, participants mainly weren’t familiar with obligation of salt iodination (P < 0.001). Presence of thyroid disease was recorded in 75 subjects with higher prevalence in subjects 36-49 years (P < 0.001). Presence of thyroid disease was not associated with knowledge on iodine role on health. Conclusion: Women of reproductive age are not completely aware of the consequences of excessive iodine intake. Thus, further education focusing on more sensitive groups such as woman of younger age should be considered in order to preserve their and their children’s health

The Relationship between the Cryptocurrency Value (Bitcoin) and Interest for it in the Region

Recently the term Cryptocurrency is a frequently used in the mainstream media. The main reason for that is a bitcoin occurrence with reference to the technology and cryptographic inventions that stand behind the bitcoin. Cryptocurrency is legal in region because the European Union has liberal monetary regulations and it can be seen that region successfully follows the world trends in this field. The goal of this paper is to indicate a strong relationship between the value of Bitcoin and expressed interest for it in 11 South-East Europe region countries. The last four and half years will be analysed on a monthly base and data from service Google Trends will be used. Spearman’s rank correlation between the expressed interest and bitcoin values for the last four and half years will be calculated. Comment on strong relationship between those variables will be given at the end. This work is licensed under a&nbsp;Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</p

Docking study of interactions between the ABCG2 protein and potential inhibitors

Protein ABCG2 je transmembranski protein koji djeluje kao pumpa za izbacivanje raznih endogenih supstrata. Prekomjerna ekspresija proteina ABCG2 u stanicama karcinoma jedan je od glavnih uzroka otpornosti stanica karcinoma na mnoge lijekove. Recentna istraživanja pokazala su potencijal adamantil-supstituiranih diaza-krunastih etera (DAC) kao inhibitora proteina ABCG2. U sklopu ovog diplomskog rada računalno je istraženo vezanje različitih DAC na protein ABCG2 te je njihovo vezanje uspoređeno s vezanjem literaturno poznatih inhibitora i supstrata proteina ABCG2. Vezanje DAC te poznatih inhibitora i supstrata proteina ABCG2 provedeno je metodom molekulskog uklapanja. Napravljena su dva računa molekulskog uklapanja za svaki ligand. Prvi račun obuhvaćao je cijeli protein ABCG2, dok je drugi račun obuhvaćao samo mjesto vezanja supstrata i inhibitora (šupljna 1). Temeljem provedenog računalnog istraživanja vezanja liganada na protein ABCG2 utvrđeno je da DAC-amidi imaju povoljniji afinitet vezanja za šupljinu 1 od poznatih inhibitora proteina ABCG2. Spojevi DAC-amidi se za razliku od poznatih inhibitora i supstrata proteina ABCG2 ne vežu duboko unutar šupljine 1 te ne ostvaruju značajnije interakcije s aminokiselinom koja je literaturno apostrofirana kao važna za vezanje (Phe 439). Budući da se DAC-amidi također vežu za mjesto prijelaza iz domene NBD u domenu TMD predložena su dva potencijalna načina inhibicije proteina ABCG2.ABCG2 is a transmembrane protein pump that protects tissue from entrance of unwanted substances. However, ABCG2 affects the pharmacokinetics of commonly used drugs, and its expression correlates with poor treatment outcome of certain cancers. Recent studies have revealed that adamantylsubstituted diaza- (DAC) crown compounds show inhibitory potential towards ABCG2. The aim of this graduate thesis was to study the binding interactions between DAC crown coumpounds and ABCG2. To evaluate the binding potential of DAC crown compounds, a study of binding interactions between known ABCG2 inhibitors and ABCG2 has been made in parallel. The binding interactions were investigated using two molecular docking simulations. In the first simulation ligands were docked onto the whole ABCG2 protein whilst in the second simulation ligands were docked into the substrate binding site (Cavity 1). Results obtained in the scope of this thesis suggest that DAC-amids have lower binding energy than known inhibitors bound in Cavity 1 and that they also bind to the NBD-TMD interface. Binding of DAC-amids in Cavity 1 is shallower and they do not interact with Phe 439, which is literary known to be important for substrate binding. For the reasons stated, two potential ways of ABCG2 inhibition by DAC-amids have been proposed

Docking study of interactions between the ABCG2 protein and potential inhibitors

Protein ABCG2 je transmembranski protein koji djeluje kao pumpa za izbacivanje raznih endogenih supstrata. Prekomjerna ekspresija proteina ABCG2 u stanicama karcinoma jedan je od glavnih uzroka otpornosti stanica karcinoma na mnoge lijekove. Recentna istraživanja pokazala su potencijal adamantil-supstituiranih diaza-krunastih etera (DAC) kao inhibitora proteina ABCG2. U sklopu ovog diplomskog rada računalno je istraženo vezanje različitih DAC na protein ABCG2 te je njihovo vezanje uspoređeno s vezanjem literaturno poznatih inhibitora i supstrata proteina ABCG2. Vezanje DAC te poznatih inhibitora i supstrata proteina ABCG2 provedeno je metodom molekulskog uklapanja. Napravljena su dva računa molekulskog uklapanja za svaki ligand. Prvi račun obuhvaćao je cijeli protein ABCG2, dok je drugi račun obuhvaćao samo mjesto vezanja supstrata i inhibitora (šupljna 1). Temeljem provedenog računalnog istraživanja vezanja liganada na protein ABCG2 utvrđeno je da DAC-amidi imaju povoljniji afinitet vezanja za šupljinu 1 od poznatih inhibitora proteina ABCG2. Spojevi DAC-amidi se za razliku od poznatih inhibitora i supstrata proteina ABCG2 ne vežu duboko unutar šupljine 1 te ne ostvaruju značajnije interakcije s aminokiselinom koja je literaturno apostrofirana kao važna za vezanje (Phe 439). Budući da se DAC-amidi također vežu za mjesto prijelaza iz domene NBD u domenu TMD predložena su dva potencijalna načina inhibicije proteina ABCG2.ABCG2 is a transmembrane protein pump that protects tissue from entrance of unwanted substances. However, ABCG2 affects the pharmacokinetics of commonly used drugs, and its expression correlates with poor treatment outcome of certain cancers. Recent studies have revealed that adamantylsubstituted diaza- (DAC) crown compounds show inhibitory potential towards ABCG2. The aim of this graduate thesis was to study the binding interactions between DAC crown coumpounds and ABCG2. To evaluate the binding potential of DAC crown compounds, a study of binding interactions between known ABCG2 inhibitors and ABCG2 has been made in parallel. The binding interactions were investigated using two molecular docking simulations. In the first simulation ligands were docked onto the whole ABCG2 protein whilst in the second simulation ligands were docked into the substrate binding site (Cavity 1). Results obtained in the scope of this thesis suggest that DAC-amids have lower binding energy than known inhibitors bound in Cavity 1 and that they also bind to the NBD-TMD interface. Binding of DAC-amids in Cavity 1 is shallower and they do not interact with Phe 439, which is literary known to be important for substrate binding. For the reasons stated, two potential ways of ABCG2 inhibition by DAC-amids have been proposed

Nasilništvo i strategije suočavanja kod djece osnovnoškolske dobi

The aim of the study was to investigate coping strategies employed in response to bullying. There were 309 participants (146 boys and 163 girls), elementary school children in grades 5 to 8. Using Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire Students were classified into four bully-victim status types: bullies, victims, bully/victims and uninvolved children. For the investigation of coping strategies short version of Self-Report Coping Measure (Causey i Dubow, 1992) was used. In our sample there were 80,6% uninvolved children, 8,7% bullies, 8,1% victims, and 2,6% bully/victims. There were more boys among bullies than girls. Coping strategies most frequently used by students in response to bullying are: Self-Reliance/Problem-Solvig and Seeking Social Support, which are approach strategies. Then, according to frequency, follow coping strategies: Distancing, Internalizing and Externalizing, which are avoidance strategies. Uninvolved children used more Self-Reliance/Problem-Solving strategy when compared to victims and bullies. Internalizing was most frequently used by victims, followed by uninvolved children, while Internalizing was at least frequently used by bullies. Girls use more Seeking Social Support and Internalizing, and less frequently Distancing, when compared to boys. Younger children use more frequently Seeking Social Support, and less frequently Self-Reliance/Problem Solving than older children. The findings were discussed in relation to a model of risk of peer harassment (Juvonen i Graham, 2001).Cilj rada bio je istražiti strategije suočavanja sa stresom koje djeca koriste kao odgovor na nasilništvo. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 309 učenika (146 dječaka i 163 djevojčice), polaznika viših razreda osnovne škole. Uz pomoć Olweusovog revidiranog upitnika žrtva/zlostavljač, djeca su s obzirom na svoju ulogu u nasilju podijeljena u 4 skupine: zlostavljače, žrtve, zlostavljače i žrtve, te neuključene učenike. Za utvrđivanje strategija suočavanja korištena je skraćena verzija Skale strategija suočavanja (Causey i Dubow, 1992). U ispitivanom uzorku bilo je 80,6% neuključenih učenika, 8,7% zlostavljača, 8,1% žrtava, a 2,6% učenika i žrtava i zlostavljača. Veći je broj dječaka zlostavljača u usporedbi sa djevočicama. Strategije suočavanja koje se najčeće koriste kod suočavanja s vršnjačkim nasiljem redom su: samooslanjanje i rješavanje problema, te traženje socijalne potpore, koje spadaju u strategije pristupa. Nakon njih po učestalosti slijede: distanciranje, internaliziranje i eksternaliziranje, koje su strategije izbjegavanja. Neuključeni koriste u većoj mjeri strategiju samooslanjanja i rješavanja problema od žrtava i zlostavljača. Strategiju internaliziranja najčeće koriste žrtve, nakon njih neuključeni, a najmanje nasilnici. Djevojčice više koriste strategije traženje socijalne potpore i internaliziranja, a manje strategiju distanciranja od dječaka. Mlađi učenici u odnosu na starije čeće koriste strategiju traženje socijalne potpore, a rjeđe strategiju samooslanjanje i rješavanje problema. Rezultati su raspravljeni u okviru modela rizika za zlostavljanje od strane vršnjaka (Juvonen i Graham, 2001)

Analiza rasprostranjenosti poduzeća u skupini djelatnosti gospodarenja otpadom i broja kućanstava prema županijama u Republici Hrvatskoj

Gospodarenje otpadom u Republici Hrvatskoj važna je strateška i održiva aktivnost. Pod pojmom gospodarenje otpadom podrazumijeva se prikupljanje, razvrstavanje, skladištenje i prijevoz otpada, zbrinjavanje otpada te nadzor nad svim tim aktivnostima. U Republici Hrvatskoj prisutno je 615 poduzeća čija djelatnost je u skupini djelatnosti gospodarenja otpadom. Cilj rada je prikazati analizu rasprostranjenosti navedenih poduzeća prema županijama u Republici Hrvatskoj. Osim rasprostranjenosti prema županijama, svrha rada je analizirati i odnos broja tih poduzeća prema količini otpada, broju kućanstava i broju stambenih jedinica u navedenim županijama. Za potrebe analize korišteni su podaci iz dostupne baze Digitalna komora pri Hrvatskoj gospodarskoj komori. Za analizu prikupljenih podataka i izradu slika i tablica, te povezivanje statističkih podataka sa prostornim i geografskim podacima korišten je geografski informacijski sustav (GIS). Rezultati ukazuju na neravnomjernu rasprostranjenost broja poduzeća u analiziranim županijama, posebice u odnosu na broj kućanstava i broju stambenih jedinica u pojedinim županijama