A METHOD OF MEASURING THE DEGREE OF ORGANIC MATTER DEGRADABILITY

A method has been proposed to determine the degree of degradability of any organic material based on the kinetics of its hydrolysis in H2SO4 of the concentration 11.5 mol.l-1 at a temperature of 108 °C. The result and the measure of degradability degree are the rate constant of hydrolytic reaction and the carbon percentage of unhydrolyzable residue in total carbon of the sample

Modified Biochar—A Tool for Wastewater Treatment

Global deposits of concentrated phosphates, which are a necessary source for the production of phosphate fertilizers, are limited. These reserves keep getting thinner, and every day, large amounts of phosphorus end up in watercourses. In this study, we verified that modified biochar (saturated with FeCl3 solution and then neutralized with NaOH solution) can adsorb significant amounts of phosphorus from wastewater. Moreover, the agrochemical qualities of sludge water from a municipal wastewater treatment plant, struvite, phosphorus-saturated biochar, and iron(III) phosphate from a reused biochar filter were tested in this study. We determined the amount of mobile phosphorus as well as the amount of extractable phosphorus and its five fractions. It was found that modified biochar can hold one-third of the phosphorus amount contained in the commonly used agricultural fertilizer simple superphosphate (1 × 105 g of modified biochar captures up to 2.79 × 103 g of P). Moreover, plants can more easily access phosphorus biochar fractions than struvite, which is formed spontaneously during sludge management. The results of this research prove that the proposed method of recycling phosphorus from wastewater can be applied in technological practice

The importance of CT in solving some diagnostic problems in osteology

Práce je zaměřena na nejčastější a nejzávažnější problém dnešní moderní doby v osteologii, kterým je osteoporóza. Teoretická část popisuje anatomii a metabolismus kostní tkáně, závažnost osteoporózy u mužů a žen, její terapii a především její diagnostiku. V praktické části jsou prezentovány kazuistiky pacientů trpících touto nemocí, které poskytla Osteologická ambulance Masarykovy nemocnice v Ústí nad Labem.Katedra záchranářství a technických oborůObhájenoThe work is focused on the most common and most serious problem in today's modern age osteology, which is osteoporosis. The theoretical part describes the anatomy and metabolism of bone tissue, the severity of osteoporosis in men and women, the therapy and especially its diagnosis. In the practical part are presented case reports of patients suffering from this disease, provided by Osteological ambulance of Masaryk Hospital in Usti nad Labem

Radioaktivita v podzemní vodě a radonový index

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Effect of fertilization on the yields of tall wheatgrass harvested once a year

With the growing demand for energy, the requirements for energy sources have been growing too. In advanced countries, there has been a substantial development of renewable sources. In the conditions of Central Europe, biomass seems to be the most promising option. It is possible to utilize not only waste biomass but also the biomass grown on the purpose. Particularly in locations endangered by erosion, the growing of energy grasses is recommended since they not only provide protection against erosion but also perform a number of further ecosystem services. The methods of transformation of grassphytomass into thermal or electric energy include anaerobic digestion and direct incineration. This article presents the results of an experiment verifying the effect of various fertilization management schemes on the yields of the perennial energy grass called tall wheatgrass(Elymus elongatus subsp. ponticus cv. Szarvasi-1) harvested once a year. The experiment carried out on small parcels compared three levels of fertilization intensity. This involved mineral fertilization and fertilization with digestate;the control variant was not fertilized at all. The yield parameters were monitored for three years from spring 2013 when the experiment was commenced. The obtained results show a positive effect of fertilization of the grass on the grass yield. In the first two production years, the variant involving mineral fertilization showed, on average, a 22% increase in the dry matter yield than the variant without fertilization. The grass fertilized with digestate provided a 32% higher dry matter yield than the control variant

Effect of Fertilization on the Energy Profit of Tall Wheatgrass and Reed Canary Grass

Cultivation of energy crops is a part of modern agriculture. In particular, maize (Zea mays L.) is widely grown in central Europe. However, in terms of erosion risk and high demands on fertilization and protection against diseases and pests, its growing is not environmentally friendly. Therefore, possibilities of utilization of other more environmentally friendly energy crops have been examined at present. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of various fertilization (mineral, digestate, control) on the yields of tall wheatgrass (TWG) (Elymus elongatus subsp. ponticus) and reed canary grass (RCG) (Phalaris arundinacea L.) cultivated in a long-term field experiment on the experimental site in Czech Republic. The energy profit from cultivation of these crops and its protective anti-erosion effect were evaluated. The average yields ranged from 4.6 (RCG, mineral fertilization) to 7.4 t/ha (TWG, digestate fertilization). The more profitable species was tall wheatgrass, the biomass of which also had the higher heating value. The energy profit ranged from 80 GJ/ha (RCG, control variant and mineral fertilization) to 133 GJ/ha (TWG, digestate and mineral fertilization). It has been found that the tested plants excel in anti-erosion effect and could therefore be a suitable alternative to maize, especially in less-favored areas

Frakcionace půdní organické hmoty na labilní a stabilní frakce

The present study aims to test and evaluate the efficiency of a new modified method of organic matter evaluation. It allows the assessment of the quality and quantity of the primary soil organic matter and the stable organic fractions separately. The new method was tested in six soil samples of different localities in the Czech Republic. This method is based on observing reaction kinetics during the oxidation of soil organic matter and measuring the cation-exchange capacity of stable organic fractions. The results were compared with classical methods, which rely on the isolation of humic substances, determination of the content of humic acids and fulvic acids and their ratio C-HA:C-FA, quotient E-4/6, and fractionation of soil organic matter according to resistance to oxidation. It turned out that the results of the new modified method are more sensitive in comparison with the results obtained by classical procedures. The linear regression demonstrated the dependence between the amounts of soil organic matter determined by the classical method compared with the modified method. Moreover, the new modified method was found to be faster and not demanding on laboratory equipment. The new method has been improved to be easily repeatable, and some shortcomings of the previous method were eliminated. Based on our results and other recent studies, the modified method may be recommended for the practical evaluation of soil organic matter conditions.Cílem této studie je otestovat a vyhodnotit účinnost nové modifikované metody hodnocení organické hmoty. Umožňuje samostatně posuzovat kvalitu a množství primární půdní organické hmoty a stabilních organických frakcí. Nová metoda byla testována na šesti vzorcích půd z různých lokalit v České republice. Tato metoda je založena na sledování reakční kinetiky při oxidaci půdní organické hmoty a měření kationtoměničové kapacity stabilních organických frakcí. Výsledky byly porovnány s klasickými metodami, které spoléhají na izolaci huminových látek, stanovení obsahu huminových kyselin a fulvokyselin a jejich poměru C-HA:C-FA, kvocient E-4/6 a frakcionaci půdních organických látkové moty podle odolnosti proti oxidaci. Ukázalo se, že výsledky nové modifikované metody jsou citlivější ve srovnání s výsledky získanými klasickými postupy. Lineární regrese prokázala závislost mezi množstvím půdní organické hmoty stanoveným klasickou metodou ve srovnání s modifikovanou metodou. Navíc bylo zjištěno, že nová modifikovaná metoda je rychlejší a nenáročná na laboratorní vybavení. Nová metoda byla vylepšena, aby byla snadno opakovatelná, a byly odstraněny některé nedostatky předchozí metody. Na základě našich výsledků a dalších nedávných studií lze modifikovanou metodu doporučit pro praktické hodnocení podmínek půdní organické hmoty