A century of observed temperature change in the Indian Ocean

© The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Wenegrat, J. O., Bonanno, E., Rack, U., & Gebbie, G. A century of observed temperature change in the Indian Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(13), (2022): e2022GL098217, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098217.The Indian Ocean is warming rapidly, with widespread effects on regional weather and global climate. Sea-surface temperature records indicate this warming trend extends back to the beginning of the 20th century, however the lack of a similarly long instrumental record of interior ocean temperatures leaves uncertainty around the subsurface trends. Here we utilize unique temperature observations from three historical German oceanographic expeditions of the late 19th and early 20th centuries: SMS Gazelle (1874–1876), Valdivia (1898–1899), and SMS Planet (1906–1907). These observations reveal a mean 20th century ocean warming that extends over the upper 750 m, and a spatial pattern of subsurface warming and cooling consistent with a 1°–2° southward shift of the southern subtropical gyre. These interior changes occurred largely over the last half of the 20th century, providing observational evidence for the acceleration of a multidecadal trend in subsurface Indian Ocean temperature.GG is supported by U.S. NSF-OCE 82280500

Climate indices in historical climate reconstructions:a global state of the art

Abstract. Narrative evidence contained within historical documents and inscriptions provides an important record of climate variability for periods prior to the onset of systematic meteorological data collection. A common approach used by historical climatologists to convert such qualitative information into continuous quantitative proxy data is through the generation of ordinal-scale climate indices. There is, however, considerable variability in the types of phenomena reconstructed using an index approach and the practice of index development in different parts of the world. This review, written by members of the PAGES (Past Global Changes) CRIAS working group – a collective of climate historians and historical climatologists researching Climate Reconstructions and Impacts from the Archives of Societies – provides the first global synthesis of the use of the index approach in climate reconstruction. We begin by summarising the range of studies that have used indices for climate reconstruction across six continents (Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Australia) as well as the world's oceans. We then outline the different methods by which indices are developed in each of these regions, including a discussion of the processes adopted to verify and calibrate index series, and the measures used to express confidence and uncertainty. We conclude with a series of recommendations to guide the development of future index-based climate reconstructions to maximise their effectiveness for use by climate modellers and in multiproxy climate reconstructions

The German National Registry of Primary Immunodeficiencies (2012-2017)

Introduction: The German PID-NET registry was founded in 2009, serving as the first national registry of patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PID) in Germany. It is part of the European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) registry. The primary purpose of the registry is to gather data on the epidemiology, diagnostic delay, diagnosis, and treatment of PIDs. Methods: Clinical and laboratory data was collected from 2,453 patients from 36 German PID centres in an online registry. Data was analysed with the software Stata® and Excel. Results: The minimum prevalence of PID in Germany is 2.72 per 100,000 inhabitants. Among patients aged 1–25, there was a clear predominance of males. The median age of living patients ranged between 7 and 40 years, depending on the respective PID. Predominantly antibody disorders were the most prevalent group with 57% of all 2,453 PID patients (including 728 CVID patients). A gene defect was identified in 36% of patients. Familial cases were observed in 21% of patients. The age of onset for presenting symptoms ranged from birth to late adulthood (range 0–88 years). Presenting symptoms comprised infections (74%) and immune dysregulation (22%). Ninety-three patients were diagnosed without prior clinical symptoms. Regarding the general and clinical diagnostic delay, no PID had undergone a slight decrease within the last decade. However, both, SCID and hyper IgE- syndrome showed a substantial improvement in shortening the time between onset of symptoms and genetic diagnosis. Regarding treatment, 49% of all patients received immunoglobulin G (IgG) substitution (70%—subcutaneous; 29%—intravenous; 1%—unknown). Three-hundred patients underwent at least one hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Five patients had gene therapy. Conclusion: The German PID-NET registry is a precious tool for physicians, researchers, the pharmaceutical industry, politicians, and ultimately the patients, for whom the outcomes will eventually lead to a more timely diagnosis and better treatment

Nie zurück - Das Schicksal der oesterreichisch-ungarischen Nordpolarexpedition 1872/74 unter dem Kommando von Carl Weyprecht - Auswahl sozialer Aspekte

Einige soziale Aspekte auf der oesterreichisch-ungarischen Nordpolar-Expedition 1872/74 wurden herausgearbeitet und dasrgestellt. Das Poster soll bis Ende der Ausstellung im Museum verbleiben

A very special ship's log. The voyage of the bark ship with auxiliary steam engine "Grönland" under the command of Eduard Dallmann (1830-1896) to the Antarctic Peninsular during the years 1873-74

The Hamburg company "Deutsche Polar-Schiffahrts-Gesellschaft" performed a voyage to the Antarctic Peninsular in 1873/74. The captain of this undertaking was Eduard Dallmann (1830-1896) from Bremen/Blumenthal who had vast experience in whaling and sealing in arctic waters.The complete transcript, produced by the authors, is presented to the public a first time.Although the aim of the voyage was doubtlessly commercial there was a certain nearness to geographical research. This is because the director of the shipping company, Albert Rosenthal (1828-1882) was a close friend to the well known geographer and editor August Petermann (1823-1878) from Gotha. He later used data provided by Dallmann.Several interesting details of the ships log will be given. The text is supplement with pictures of ships, some portraits and biographical data of Dallmann and Rosenthal. The presentation also includes a short account on the problems and specialties concerning the reading and interpretation of the logbook

Soziale Bedingungen während der Überwinterung auf Station Eismitte in Grönland 1939/31

Alfred Wegeners Expedition 1930/31 errichtete neben zwei Küstenstationen gleichzeitig auch eine Station am grönländischen Inlandeis auf über 3000m Seehöhe, die so genannte Station Eismitte. Drei Männer, Dr. Georgi, Dr. Sorge und Dr. Loewe, überwinterten auf dieser Station. Von diesen Überwinterern existieren noch die Tagebücher, die hier gegenüber gestellt werden, um die sozialen Gegebenheiten auf Station Eismitte darzustellen. Außer Georgis Tagebuch (Im Eis vergraben) wurden nur Teile dieser Tagebücher, vornehmlich wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse, bislang veröffentlicht.Aufgrund von Pannen, widrigen Umständen und schlechten Wetterverhältnissen war die Überwinterungsstation nur unzureichend ausgerüstet, was zum Teil jedoch durch Erfinderreichtum ausgeglichen werden konnte. Auf das Überwinterungshaus musste gänzlich verzichtet und auf Firn- und Eishöhlen ausgewichen werden. Als besonders erschwerend erwies sich das Fehlen medizinischer Ausrüstung, die beispielsweise bei einer Zehenamputation dringend benötigt worden wäre, und das Fehlen von Heizmaterial.Neben der täglichen Routine war die Freizeitgestaltung ein wesentlicher sozialer Aspekt. Lesen sowie philosophische und gesellschaftliche Gespräche und das Begehen persönlicher Jahrestage waren ein wichtiger Bestandteil des friedlichen Zusammenlebens während der etwa zehnmonatigen Überwinterung.Diese Arbeit stellt einen Teilaspekt einer sozialhistorischen Studie dar, in der die sozialen Bedingungen auf deutschen Polarexpeditionen zwischen 1868 und 1939 untersucht werden

Overwintering in "Eismitte". German Greenland Expedition 1930-31

The research into the history of polar exploration is mainly focused on the evolution of science and its institutionalisation. Social conditions of the members of German polar expeditions have not been the subject of scholarly research . In the official records of the expeditions one can rarely find references to social factors. Such comments were often deliberately avoided.My PhD-Project is based on sources such as unpublished logbooks, diaries and letters. The dissertation also considers the question of how social conditions contributed to the success or failure of an expedition - or if they were not that crucial at all. References to foreign expeditions shall supply additional material for comparative studies.The poster deals only with one aspect of this dissertation with: the Deutsche Grönlandexpedition Alfred Wegener 1929/31. 1930 three bases were established: Weststation Eismitte Oststation. The mission of this expedition was to execute a huge geophysical program:- to collect meteorological data for one yearand- to record the influence of the ice of the interior of Greenland on the meteorology of the North Atlantic.The main source of this investigation are the diaries written by J. Georgi, E. Sorge and F. Loewe. These three men remained in Eismitte in a cave of perpetual snow through the winter.Because of several problems the base Eismitte was technically very poorly equipped and suffered from the lack of necessary scientific instruments and equipment. The same was true for the provisions.According to the diaries the social live of the three scientists was basically harmonious although the conditions of the hibernation were extremely bad. The import of vermin, the insufficient food supply and the low fuel rations were, however, kept under control