América Latina en los ochenta: Reestructuración y perspectivas

La crisis y el estancamiento económico de los años ochenta en América Latina provocaron cambios radicales en la política económica instrumentada para su superación. Frente a una crisis que demostraba el agotamiento de la industrialización sustitutiva que en el marco de una especialización productiva generó una determinada inserción de los países latinoamericanos en la economía internacional y ante los límites del intervencionismo estatal, las políticas de ajuste y estabilización adoptadas fueron acompañadas de una concepción distinta en la organización y administración de la economía, que modificó la relación mercado-Estado y la interacción de los diversos actores de la sociedad. Ante estas circunstancias, los autores del presente libro se dieron a la tarea de hacer un análisis de los problemas y de los procesos relevantes del subcontinente en dichos años y a reflexionar sobre la denominada reestructuración productiva sobre los principales efectos del ajuste estructural, los resultados diferentes del neoliberalismo en relación con países y sectores sociales, así como a preguntarse acerca de los problemas económicos, sociales y políticos que el nuevo modelo de acumulación enfrenta, centrándose en la política económica y en las fuentes de financiamiento con las que se ha pretendido impulsar este crecimiento económico: exportaciones, inversión extranjera, ahorro, concentración del ingreso y servicio de la deuda. Cabe destacar que este esfuerzo colectivo es resultado de la investigación, seminarios y discusiones del Área de Economía Mundial y América Latina del Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas

Fungal biofilm associated with long-term central venous access device: Complications and therapeutic difficulties

Fungal infections associated with biofilms in biomedical devices are refractory to antifungal treatment and usually require the timely removal of the device, as well as the administration of systemic antifungals. We present the case of a 36-yearold female patient who received pain therapy administered by a Port-A-Cath long-term central venous access device. She developed catheter-related candidemi a and endocarditis caused by Candida parapsilosis. The catheter had to be removed by thoracotomy due to persistent infection despite the systemic antifungal therapy. An extensive biofilm surrounding the catheter was observed and Candida parapsilosis was isolated. Six weeks of antifungal treatment with a favorable clinical evolution were completed

Boletín MOMENTO ECONÓMICO, año 2, núms. 23-24, Julio-Agosto 2012.

Las campañas realizadas para las elecciones federales del pasado 1 de julio, pusieron en evidencia la necesidad de un amplio debate sobre cuál debe ser la estrategia a seguir para construir en México un proceso económico de desarrollo incluyente, sustentable y con equidad social. Fueron diversas variables las que pusieron de manifiesto la urgencia de avanzar en esta dirección: la ausencia de reflexión sobre el tema, la parcialidad de los enfoques y la falta de objetividad en la evaluación de los resultados del modelo aplicado en las tres últimas décadas, entre otras. Culminado el proceso electoral, a dos semanas de que el Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación lo califique y a escasos tres meses de que dé inicio un nuevo mandato presidencial, el entorno económico nacional y mundial nos exigen, una vez más, reflexionar sobre la validez de la estrategia económica aplicada para promover el desarrollo y enfrentar la profunda crisis por la que atraviesa el sistema económico en su conjunto

Seminario de Economía Mexicana

Serie de ponencias referentes al Seminario de Economía Mexicana. Memorias del Seminario de Economía Mexicana de 199

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Resultados preliminares del programa piloto de trasplante renal: hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Ministerio de Salud, Lima, Perú

Introduction: The Integral Health Insurance started a support program to finance renal replacement therapies. Objetive: We present preliminary results of the Pilot Program Renal Transplantation of Cayetano Heredía National Hospital � Public Health. Material and method: Case series of renal transplantation period 2007 to 2009. Results: we performed 32 living-related donor 30 (93.75%), unrelated 1 (3.13%), cadáver 1 (3.13%), 14 (43.75%) men, 18 (56.25%) women, 18 (56.25%) children and 14 (43.75%) adults. The average age was 21.5 ± 12.14 years (9.3 � 65.3), average waiting time on díalysis was 2.04 ± 1.79 (0.3 � 6.36) years. Time of arterial and venous anastomosis, warm ischemia and cold was 32.28 ± 15.52 (15-79) min, 31 ± 9.7 (20 - 60) min, 1.72 ± 1.02 (0.83 � 3.28) min, 2.5 ± 0.56 (1 � 16) hours respectively. Induction therapy it was Antithymocyte Globulin in 20 cases and maintenance therapy: it was Tacrolimus, Cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone. Surgical complications: lymphocele (4), lymphatic leakage (1), ureteral fistula (1), primary anastomosis failure with double renal artery (1) and arterial thrombosis (1). Medical: urinary tract infection (12), acute tubular necrosis (5), acute rejection (6), nephrotoxicity (2), recurrence of primary disease (1) and AH1N1 pneumonia (1). The mean time of follow-up was: 11.25 ± 7.03 (2.4 � 27.4) months; the glomerular filtration rate average is 76.47 ± 22.52 (30 � 140) ml/min./1.73 m2sc. Conclusion: Renal transplantation in a public hospital is feasible with good results comparable to international standards, implementing a public health financing program and targeting poor populations and in extreme poverty.Introducción: El Seguro Integral de Salud ha iniciado un programa de apoyo para financiar las Terapias de Reemplazo Renal. Objetivo: Presentar resultados preliminares del Programa Piloto de Trasplante Renal, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredía-Ministerio de Salud. Material y método: Es una serie de casos del periodo 2007 - 2009. Resultados: Se realizaron 32 trasplantes renales, 30 (93,75%) de donantes vivos relacionados, 1 (3,13%) no relacionado, 1 (3,13%) cadavérico, 14 (43,75%) fueron varones, 18 (56,25%) mujeres, 18 (56,25%) niños y 14 (43,75%) adultos. La edad promedio fue: 21,5 ± 12,14 años (9,3 � 65,3), el promedio de espera en diálisis fue: 2,04 ± 1,79 (0,3 � 6,36) años. El tiempo de anastomosis arterial, venosa, isquemia caliente y fría fue: 32,28 ± 15,52 (15 - 79) min, 31 ± 9,7 (20 - 60) min, 1,72 ± 1,02 (0,83 � 3,28) min, 2,5 ± 0,56 (1 � 16) horas respectivamente. La terapia de inducción fue: Globulina Antitimocítica en 20 casos y la de mantenimiento, fue: Tacrolimus, Ciclosporina, Micofenolato de Mofetil y Prednisona. Las complicaciones quirúrgicas: linfocele (4), linforragia (1), fístula ureteral (1), falla de anastomosis primaria con doble arteria (1) y trombosis arterial (1). Las médicas: infección del tracto urinario (12), necrosis tubular aguda (5), rechazo agudo (6), nefrotoxicidad (2), recidiva de la enfermedad primaria (1) y neumonía AH1N1 (1). Tiempo promedio de seguimiento: 11,25 ± 7,03 (2,4 � 27,4) meses y la tasa de filtración glomerular promedio es de 76,47 ± 22,52 (30 � 140) ml/ min./1,73 m2sc. Conclusión: Es factible realizar trasplante renal con resultados comparables a estándares internacionales en un hospital del Ministerio de Salud, implementando un programa con financiamiento público, dirigido a la población pobre y de extrema pobreza

Impact of Adding a Rapid PCR-Based Blood Culture Identification Panel to the Antimicrobial Stewardship Program of Patients with Febrile Neutropenia in a Peruvian Referral Hospital

The addition of Biofire® FilmArray® Blood Culture Identification panel 2 (BCID2) to the antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) could improve outcomes in bloodstream infections (BSI) of patients with febrile neutropenia (FN). A pre- and post-quasi-experimental single-center study was conducted at a reference hospital in Peru. Three groups were considered: patients with BSI before ASP intervention (control group), patients with BSI after ASP intervention (group 1), and patients with BSI after ASP intervention plus BCID2 PCR Panel implementation (group 2). Overall, 93 patients were identified (32 control, 30 group 1, 31 group 2). The median time to effective therapy was significantly shorter in group 2 compared to group 1 and control group, respectively (3.75 vs. 10 h, p = 0.004; 3.75 vs. 19 h, p p < 0.001). In addition to the lack of local studies documenting the microbiological profile of FN episodes, adding syndromic panels-based testing could allow for the consolidation of ASP strategies

Compilación de Proyectos de Investigacion de 1984-2002

Instituto Politecnico Nacional. UPIICS