Heterogeneous nanofluids: natural convection heat transfer enhancement

Convective heat transfer using different nanofluid types is investigated. The domain is differentially heated and nanofluids are treated as heterogeneous mixtures with weak solutal diffusivity and possible Soret separation. Owing to the pronounced Soret effect of these materials in combination with a considerable solutal expansion, the resulting solutal buoyancy forces could be significant and interact with the initial thermal convection. A modified formulation taking into account the thermal conductivity, viscosity versus nanofluids type and concentration and the spatial heterogeneous concentration induced by the Soret effect is presented. The obtained results, by solving numerically the full governing equations, are found to be in good agreement with the developed solution based on the scale analysis approach. The resulting convective flows are found to be dependent on the local particle concentration φ and the corresponding solutal to thermal buoyancy ratio N. The induced nanofluid heterogeneity showed a significant heat transfer modification. The heat transfer in natural convection increases with nanoparticle concentration but remains less than the enhancement previously underlined in forced convection case

Sedimentology of Volcanic Debris Avalanche Deposits

The deposits of volcanic debris avalanches (VDAs) contain diagnostic features that distinguish them from those of other landslides. In this chapter, we summarize the sedimentary characteristics and the different (litho-)facies described over the past four decades, and how findings from individual case studies can be adapted as globally applicable sedimentological tools. A plethora of descriptive terms and partially conflicting definitions emerged in the ever-growing literature on VDA deposits (VDADs). These we summarize and make recommendations for future use. Different facies models that were developed at different volcanoes might point to unique emplacement conditions (e.g. dry versus wet; confined versus unconfined) and, if confirmed, the apparent ‘conflict' of terminology might help identify the paleo-settings of ancient VDAs. General observations of large unsaturated landslides of different origin show that preservation of source stratigraphy, (mega-)clasts, jigsaw-fractured clasts, and incorporation of runout path material are common features. Their unique composition, grain sizes, and abundance of matrix sets VDADs apart from deposits of large rockslides and debris flows. The latter can be associated with VDAs, and whether they formed syn- or post-VDAD emplacement is reflected in forensic evidence within the depositional sequences. Recent case studies illustrate the advances in analytical techniques and in understanding the processes of debris avalanche transport and deposition forty years after the eruption and lateral collapse of Mount St. Helens volcano