ECOFISIOLOGÍA Y BIOQUÍMICA DE Salicornia bigelovii (Torr.) POR EFECTO DE QUITOSANO-AIB BAJO CONDICIONES DEL DESIERTO DE SONORA.

Salicornia bigeloviies una halófita de gran interés para la agroindustria por ser una fuente rica en proteína (>14%). En condiciones de campo su cultivo no ha sido del todo funcional dado el bajo porcentaje de germinación, asimismo, para obtener producciones altas de materia vegetal, es necesaria la incorporación de fuentes de nitrógeno, acudiendo a grandes cantidades de fertilización química y agudizando el problema de la salinidad. Actualmente los sistemas de producción sustentable en halófitas, demandan agroinsumos orgánicos; una alternativa a la fertilización química son los desechos a base de exoesqueletos y cascaras de camarón, de los cuales se pueden obtener subproductos de gran valor como el quitosano. El quitosanotiene múltiples aplicaciones entre ellas el uso como promotor en cultivos agrícolas mejorando el proceso de germinación, los rendimientos de la cosecha, la adsorción de micronutrientes y estimulando el mecanismo de defensa de las plantas y la formación de barreras físicas. En el presente estudio fue evaluado elquitosanoal 50 y 100% de pureza, obtenido de exoesqueletos de camarónvs el promotor de crecimiento (Ácido Indol Butírico =AIB= al 0.937 y 1.25 g kg-1), además de mezclas de ambos productos y concentraciones, bajo condiciones de campo del desierto sonorense. Se evaluaron las variables de longitud radicular, altura de planta, peso seco y peso fresco de planta y sistema radicular, nitratos en savia, porcentaje de floración y análisis bromatológicos de planta completa. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la aplicación del bioproductoquitosano de origen marino conjuntamente con AIB (QUI 100%-AIB 0.937 g kg-1), presento un efecto estimulador(P<0.05) en las variables del desarrollo radicular y crecimiento de planta, además de características bioquímicas, incluyendo la proteínatotal, ceniza y lípidos en algunas partes de la planta. La aplicación delquitosano potencia su efecto “bioestimulante” en sinergia con AIB.Este es el primer informe de quitosano como un bioproducto estimulante en asociación con Salicornia bigelovii

Ralstonia solanacearum: A Bacterial Disease and Its Biological Control by Essential Oils on Solanum tuberosum L.

Worldwide, potato is considered the fourth most important crop for human consumption. In recent years, in some regions of the USA and Canada, the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs), called bacterial wilt (Mb), has caused serious damage. Given the proximity of these countries, with Mexico as a tuber importer, the odds of an eventual introduction of these diseases are significant, especially in areas with large tracts of potato. Therefore, this research was performed to detect the presence of Rs in tuber and vegetative material of Solanum tuberosum and evaluated the bactericidal effect of essential oils. The results indicated that the presence of the bacterium Rs was negative in tuber from abroad. Nevertheless, we detected the presence of the causal agent of bacterial wilt in potatoes for domestic consumption that producers could use these tubers as production material. Oils of oregano and thyme showed inhibitory effects on the growth of Rs. Essential oils are considered as an alternative for the control of Rs

Ameliorative effects of salt resistance on physiological parameters in the halophyte Salicornia bigelovii torr. with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria

Salicornia bigelovii is a promising resource to cultivate under extreme climatic conditions of arid-desert regions. However, the production of Salicornia depends on the appropriate supplementation of nitrogen rich synthetic fertilizers. Application of specific halotolerant nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with S. bigelovii could be an important practice for crop production in salt-affected regions. Seedlings of S. bigelovii were inoculated and developed with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (Klebsiella pnseumoniae) at different salinities (0 and 0.25 M NaCl) grown under in vitro conditions. The inoculation increased growth and physiological activity at a high salinity. The major benefits of inoculation were observed on total seedlings biomass (320 and 175 g at 0 and 0.25 M NaCl, respectively) and adjacent branches of stem biomass (150 and 85 g at 0 and 0.25 M NaCl, respectively). The inoculation with Klebsiella pneumoniae also significantly improved seedlings salinity tolerance compared to the noninoculated controls. In non-salinity conditions, the inoculated seedlings enhanced the CO2 fixation and O2 evolution. The non-inoculated controls were more sensitive to salinity than inoculated seedlings exposed to salinity, as indicated by several measured parameters. Moreover, inoculated seedlings had significantly increase on proline, phenolics content, but not significant in starch compared to noninoculated controls. In conclusion, K. pneumoniae inoculation mitigates the salinity effects and promotes the Salicornia growth.Keywords: Salicornia bigelovii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, halophyte, ecotype, stress salinity. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(34), pp. 5278-528

Evaluation of producer inflation, subsidies and profitability of vegetables and grains in Sinaloa, 2018-2019

Objective: Evaluate producer inflation, equity in procampo support and profitability of eight agricultural products from Sinaloa, 2018-2019 cycle. Method: This document has three approaches; In the first, estimated the impact of inflation on the value of agricultural production, using the agricultural producer price index (INPP) base 2019. Second, using the Lorenz curves, equity is calculated or in the allocation of procampo - proagro. Third, calculated internal rate of return (IRR) for the eight products and compared with the 28-day yield of the treasury certificates (CETES). Results: The main crops in the state of Sinaloa are: cereals (corn, wheat), and vegetables (tomato, chili peppers). The current values ??generated in Sinaloa agriculture show growth. It is observed that there is an inflation gap that has been decreasing in the period 2000-2019. This implies that the transfer of prices from the producer to the consumer is less and less. It is noted that the profitability of the selected products is varied, vegetables with high rates and products such as corn and beans with low returns, even below the 28-day cetes. Limitations: this study does not specify the size of the productive unit and only the data is generalized. It does not address marketing channels and their destinations. Findings and conclusions: It is noted that there is a decrease in price transfers from the producer to the consumer, returns are also calculated and compared between crops and cetes. It is concluded that in the 2018-2019 period, corn and beans register lower profitability than if they were invested in CETES. Keywords: inflation, profitability, prices, performance.Objective: To evaluate producer inflation, equity in PROCAMPO subsidy distribution, as well as profitability of eight agricultural products in the state of Sinaloa, 2018-2019 cycle.Design/Methodology/Approach: First, inflation is estimated in the value of agricultural production, using the agricultural producer price index (INPP) base 2019. Second, the inequality in the allocation of PROCAMPO is calculated with Lorenz curves. Third, the internal rate of return (IRR) is estimated for the eight products and compared with the 28-day yield of the treasury certificates (CETES).Results: The current values generated show growth in cereals (corn, wheat), and vegetables (tomato, chili peppers), with downward inflationary gaps in the period 2000-2019. There is a concentration of the PROCAMPO allocation in producerswith high income deciles. The IRR is high in vegetables, and low in corn and beans.Study Limitations/Implications: This study does not specify the size of the productive unit and only the data is generalized. It does not address marketing channels and their destinations.Findings/Conclusions: The producer is assuming the inflationary increase. Income transfers via PROCAMPO areinequitable. The IRR in corn and beans is sometimes less profitable than CETES

Bacterias promotoras de crecimiento de plantas autóctonas y su efecto en "Prosopis chilensis" (Molina) Stunz

Today in Mexico are being deforestated the species Prosopis spp. for use as firewood and charcoal, in various arid regions of the country. For its production a synthetic fertilizer is used, thus there is an increase in soil, groundwater and aquifers salinity. This research was conducted in Santa Ana, Sonora, Mexico in 2006. Were isolated and purified microorganisms associated with the root system of Prosopis glandulosa growing in craters of the volcanic area from El Pinacate and Gran Desierto de Altar, Sonora Biosphere Reserve. The plant growth-promoting bacteria present the peculiarity of fixing atmospheric nitrogen; the effect of the isolates on germination and seedling development in P. chilensiswas measured. 19 colonies were isolated; of them, only one bacterial colony showed high acetylene reduction activity and ability to solubilize phosphate, was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Our results suggest that B. amyloliquefaciens, has a particular affinity to grow from 0 to 0.75M of NaCl and develops at temperatures of 30 to 50 °C. The effects of inoculation of B. amyloliquefaciens, along with A. halopraeferens, showed favorable results in the increase of germination and seedling development of P. chilensis. This is the first report of B. amyloliquefaciensas a plant growth promoting bacteria associated with P. glandulosa.En la actualidad se está deforestando en México la especie de Prosopis spp. para utilizarse como leña y carbón, en diferentes zonas áridas de nuestro país. Para su producción se utiliza fertilizante sintético, con ello hay un incremento de salinidad del suelo, subsuelo y mantos acuíferos. La presente investigación se realizó en Santa Ana, Sonora, México en 2006. Se aislaron y purificaron microorganismos asociados al sistema radicular de Prosopis glandulosa que se desarrolla en cráteres de la zona volcánica de la reserva de la biosfera El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Sonora. Las bacterias promotoras de crecimiento de plantas presentan la peculiaridad de fijar el nitrógeno atmosférico; se midió el efecto de las cepas aisladas en germinación y en el desarrollo en plántulas de P. chilensis. Fueron aisladas 19 colonias; de ellas, solamente una colonia bacteriana mostró alta actividad de reducción de acetileno y capacidad de solubilizar fosfatos, se identificó como Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Nuestros resultados sugieren que B. amyloliquefaciens, presenta una afinidad particular para crecer de 0 a 0.75 M de NaCl y desarrollarse en temperaturas de 30 a 50 °C. Los efectos de la inoculación de B. amyloliquefaciens, conjuntamente con A. halopraeferens, mostraron reultados favorables en el incremento de la germinación y el desarrollo de plántulas de P. chilensis. Éste es el primer reporte de B. amyloliquefaciens como bacteria promora de crecimiento de plantas asociada a P. glandulosa

Caracterización Ecológica Cuantitativa De La Vegetación En Sitios De La Costa Central Del Golfo En El Desierto Sonorense

The Central Gulf Coast, subdivision of the Sonoran Desert, requires urgent actions to ecological restoration and development of sustainable alternatives to promote the generation of economic benefits in a manner consistent with the conservation of natural resources. Four sites were selected in the coastal region of the municipality of Hermosillo between 28°42'04" and 28°52'24" North and 111°45'39" and 111°56'48" West. Sites are representative of the various plant associations with variants in soil structure, topography and intensities of use. General plant diversity, plant density, height and canopy cover from shrub/tree plants, and basal cover from herbaceous plants were evaluated at each site. Species richness indices, equity and diversity among plant communities were compared. Major plant associations were identified as 1) Sarcocaulescent scrub, 2) Halophytes Communities, 3) Arbo-crasicaulescent scrub, and 4) Arbo-suffrutescent scrub. Sixty five plant species in 26 families were identified. Families with higher number of species were Cactaceae (12), Euphorbiaceae (7), Fabaceae (7) and Malvaceae (5). Species richness and diversity indices indicated differences between sites. Values of relative importance are identified among plant associations for subsequent analysis of productive and ecological trends as well as for the assessment of wildlife diversity and population parameters associated to each condition of the vegetation. This work is aimed to generate integral models for identifying feasibility and setting priorities for ecological restoration practices in the Sonoran Desert

Hongos Fitopatógenos Asociados Al Tomate (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) En La Zona Árida Del Noroeste De México: La Importancia De Su Diagnóstico

Tomato crops are among the most important vegetables cultivated worldwide, Mexico being one of the major producing countries. Large quantity of this crop is found in states belonging to the arid northwest of the country; the adaptation of these regions to vegetable production has been significant with the support of agricultural technology due to the use of protective structures for plants, such as greenhouses and shaded mesh. However, pests and diseases are a major biotic factor that significantly reduces production. There are more than 200 diseases associated with the nightshade of various etiologies. The process of identifying the cause of a disease in plants is called diagnosis. The diagnosis of plant diseases has been described as an art and a science; it requires scientific knowledge of plant pathology and related disciplines. Effective disease control requires making the best possible decisions to reduce the risk of serious production losses. Control strategies based on prevention of disease and methods that slow the spread of such diseases. Therefore, proper management of diseases affecting the tomato crop, knowledge and understanding of the diagnosis and its infectious cycle is vital and to establish effective control measures

PRODUCCION DE PEPINO (CUCUMIS SATIVUS L.) EN FUNCION DE LA DENSIDAD DE PLANTACION EN CONDICIONES DE INVERNADERO

The vegetable production under greenhouse conditions has lately increased significantly in Mexico, with cucumbers occupying 10% of the cultivated area. The planting density is a determining factor in the degree of competition between plants, and may affect the yield and fruit quality as density changes. This study was carried out at the experimental field of the Sonora University, during the winter-spring period. The objective of this study was to evaluate the production and quality of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) hybrid Modan, in response to planting density under greenhouse conditions, as well as the use of grafting. The treatments evaluated were three planting densities: 13 200, 22 000, and 26 400 plants ha-1, the first one with double stem, grafted plants. The experimental design was a completely randomized block with four replications. Days to flowering, time for plants to grow downwards, days to harvest, virus symptoms, nodes per stem, internode length, stem diameter, commercial production (fruit number per stem, fruit weight and yield), as well as fruit quality (length, diameter, firmness and soluble solids) were evaluated. Both planting density and grafting did not influence days to flowering, time to grow downwards, presence of viruses, fruit per stem and fruit weight, as well as fruit length and diameter, firmness and soluble solids. Days to harvest (72 days), stem diameter (11.2 mm) and internode length (8.7 cm), were higher for grafted plants. The yield was higher with increasing plant density in both grafted (17.7 kg m-2) and plants in their own roots (17.4 kg m-2). Fruit weight and quality parameters, were within the standards established for American-type cucumber