Livre expressão do empregado nas redes sociais online frente ao poder patronal: uma análise da exposição crítica em face do empregador

Perante o cenário de diluição dos âmbitos público e privado, como também dos âmbitos laboral e extralaboral, frente aos avanços tecnológicos, surge o seguinte problema: de que forma o poder patronal poderá limitar a livre expressão do empregado nas redes sociais frente ao contrato de trabalho, primordialmente quando desta deriva uma crítica contra empregador? Para analisar o problema, parte-se de uma abordagem dedutiva para que o exposto possa ser aplicado concretamente, enquanto que o método de interpretação centra-se no sistemático-teleológico, porquanto considera-se o ordenamento jurídico como um conjunto de normas organizadas a satisfazer determinados fins. Como técnica de pesquisa, analisa-se o corpo doutrinário, bem como o arcabouço legislativo, primordialmente centrado na CLT, além dos preceitos constitucionais e da jurisprudência brasileira, por sua vez, centrada em análise de julgados do Tribunal Regional da 4ª Região, cujo corte temporal é de 01.06.2010 a 01.06.2019. Percebe-se que o empregado, ainda que se submeta a um contrato de trabalho, não perde a autonomia, nem os direitos fundamentais dos quais seja titular. Em síntese, os direitos fundamentais não são exercidos da mesma maneira, dentro e fora do ambiente de trabalho, sendo necessária, nas redes, maior cautela do empregado. Noutros termos, o empregado não perde o seu direito de crítica em face do empregador, observados os limites dos crimes contra a honra, em cujas hipóteses poderá haver dispensa por justa causa. Ainda assim, demostra-se a importância de manter-se o vínculo empregatício por meio de canais de comunicação empregado-empregador, visando ao cultivo de um ambiente laboral saudável.Perante o cenário de diluição dos âmbitos público e privado, como também dos âmbitos laboral e extralaboral, frente aos avanços tecnológicos, surge o seguinte problema: de que forma o poder patronal poderá limitar a livre expressão do empregado nas redes sociais frente ao contrato de trabalho, primordialmente quando desta deriva uma crítica contra empregador? Para analisar o problema, parte-se de uma abordagem dedutiva para que o exposto possa ser aplicado concretamente, enquanto que o método de interpretação centra-se no sistemático-teleológico, porquanto considera-se o ordenamento jurídico como um conjunto de normas organizadas a satisfazer determinados fins. Como técnica de pesquisa, analisa-se o corpo doutrinário, bem como o arcabouço legislativo, primordialmente centrado na CLT, além dos preceitos constitucionais e da jurisprudência brasileira, por sua vez, centrada em análise de julgados do Tribunal Regional da 4ª Região, cujo corte temporal é de 01.06.2010 a 01.06.2019. Percebe-se que o empregado, ainda que se submeta a um contrato de trabalho, não perde a autonomia, nem os direitos fundamentais dos quais seja titular. Em síntese, os direitos fundamentais não são exercidos da mesma maneira, dentro e fora do ambiente de trabalho, sendo necessária, nas redes, maior cautela do empregado. Noutros termos, o empregado não perde o seu direito de crítica em face do empregador, observados os limites dos crimes contra a honra, em cujas hipóteses poderá haver dispensa por justa causa. Ainda assim, demostra-se a importância de manter-se o vínculo empregatício por meio de canais de comunicação empregado-empregador, visando ao cultivo de um ambiente laboral saudável

Factors affecting phage D29 infection: a tool to investigate different growth states of mycobacteria

Bacteriophages D29 and TM4 are able to infect a wide range of mycobacteria, including pathogenic and non pathogenic species. Successful phage infection of both fast- and slow-growing mycobacteria can be rapidly detected using the phage amplification assay. Using this method, the effect of oxygen limitation during culture of mycobacteria on the success of phage infection was studied. Both D29 and TM4 were able to infect cultures of M. smegmatis and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) grown in liquid with aeration. However when cultures were grown under oxygen limiting conditions, only TM4 could productively infect the cells. Cell attachment assays showed that D29 could bind to the cells surface but did not complete the lytic cycle. The ability of D29 to productively infect the cells was rapidly recovered (within 1 day) when the cultures were returned to an aerobic environment and this recovery required de novo RNA synthesis. These results indicated that under oxygen limiting conditions the cells are entering a growth state which inhibits phage D29 replication, and this change in host cell biology which can be detected by using both phage D29 and TM4 in the phage amplification assay

Spatial Evaluation and Modeling of Dengue Seroprevalence and Vector Density in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Dengue is a major public health problem in many tropical regions of the world, including Brazil, where Aedes aegypti is the main vector. We present a household study that combines data on dengue fever seroprevalence, recent dengue infection, and vector density, in three neighborhoods of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, during its most devastating dengue epidemic to date. This integrated entomological–serological survey showed evidence of silent transmission even during a severe epidemic. Also, past exposure to dengue virus was highly associated with age and living in areas of high movement of individuals and social/commercial activity. No association was observed between household infestation index and risk of dengue infection in these areas. Our findings are discussed in the light of current theories regarding transmission thresholds and relative role of mosquitoes and humans as vectors of dengue viruses

Utilisation of an operative difficulty grading scale for laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background A reliable system for grading operative difficulty of laparoscopic cholecystectomy would standardise description of findings and reporting of outcomes. The aim of this study was to validate a difficulty grading system (Nassar scale), testing its applicability and consistency in two large prospective datasets. Methods Patient and disease-related variables and 30-day outcomes were identified in two prospective cholecystectomy databases: the multi-centre prospective cohort of 8820 patients from the recent CholeS Study and the single-surgeon series containing 4089 patients. Operative data and patient outcomes were correlated with Nassar operative difficultly scale, using Kendall’s tau for dichotomous variables, or Jonckheere–Terpstra tests for continuous variables. A ROC curve analysis was performed, to quantify the predictive accuracy of the scale for each outcome, with continuous outcomes dichotomised, prior to analysis. Results A higher operative difficulty grade was consistently associated with worse outcomes for the patients in both the reference and CholeS cohorts. The median length of stay increased from 0 to 4 days, and the 30-day complication rate from 7.6 to 24.4% as the difficulty grade increased from 1 to 4/5 (both p < 0.001). In the CholeS cohort, a higher difficulty grade was found to be most strongly associated with conversion to open and 30-day mortality (AUROC = 0.903, 0.822, respectively). On multivariable analysis, the Nassar operative difficultly scale was found to be a significant independent predictor of operative duration, conversion to open surgery, 30-day complications and 30-day reintervention (all p < 0.001). Conclusion We have shown that an operative difficulty scale can standardise the description of operative findings by multiple grades of surgeons to facilitate audit, training assessment and research. It provides a tool for reporting operative findings, disease severity and technical difficulty and can be utilised in future research to reliably compare outcomes according to case mix and intra-operative difficulty

Mosquitoes Put the Brake on Arbovirus Evolution: Experimental Evolution Reveals Slower Mutation Accumulation in Mosquito Than Vertebrate Cells

Like other arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV) is maintained in an alternating cycle of replication in arthropod and vertebrate hosts. The trade-off hypothesis suggests that this alternation constrains DENV evolution because a fitness increase in one host usually diminishes fitness in the other. Moreover, the hypothesis predicts that releasing DENV from host alternation should facilitate adaptation. To test this prediction, DENV was serially passaged in either a single human cell line (Huh-7), a single mosquito cell line (C6/36), or in alternating passages between Huh-7 and C6/36 cells. After 10 passages, consensus mutations were identified and fitness was assayed by evaluating replication kinetics in both cell types as well as in a novel cell type (Vero) that was not utilized in any of the passage series. Viruses allowed to specialize in single host cell types exhibited fitness gains in the cell type in which they were passaged, but fitness losses in the bypassed cell type, and most alternating passages, exhibited fitness gains in both cell types. Interestingly, fitness gains were observed in the alternately passaged, cloned viruses, an observation that may be attributed to the acquisition of both host cell–specific and amphi-cell-specific adaptations or to recovery from the fitness losses due to the genetic bottleneck of biological cloning. Amino acid changes common to both passage series suggested convergent evolution to replication in cell culture via positive selection. However, intriguingly, mutations accumulated more rapidly in viruses passed in Huh-7 cells than in those passed in C6/36 cells or in alternation. These results support the hypothesis that releasing DENV from host alternation facilitates adaptation, but there is limited support for the hypothesis that such alternation necessitates a fitness trade-off. Moreover, these findings suggest that patterns of genetic evolution may differ between viruses replicating in mammalian and mosquito cells

First Description of Natural and Experimental Conjugation between Mycobacteria Mediated by a Linear Plasmid

Background: in a previous study, we detected the presence of a Mycobacterium avium species-specific insertion sequence, IS1245, in Mycobacterium kansasii. Both species were isolated from a mixed M. avium-M. kansasii bone marrow culture from an HIV-positive patient. the transfer mechanism of this insertion sequence to M. kansasii was investigated here.Methodology/Principal Findings: A linear plasmid (pMA100) was identified in all colonies isolated from the M. avium-M. kansasii mixed culture carrying the IS1245 element. the linearity of pMA100 was confirmed. Other analyses suggested that pMA100 contained a covalently bound protein in the terminal regions, a characteristic of invertron linear replicons. Partial sequencing of pMA100 showed that it bears one intact copy of IS1245 inserted in a region rich in transposase-related sequences. These types of sequences have been described in other linear mycobacterial plasmids. Mating experiments were performed to confirm that pMA100 could be transferred in vitro from M. avium to M. kansasii. pMA100 was transferred by in vitro conjugation not only to the M. kansasii strain from the mixed culture, but also to two other unrelated M. kansasii clinical isolates, as well as to Mycobacterium bovis BCG Moreau.Conclusions/Significance: Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is one of most important mechanisms leading to the evolution and diversity of bacteria. This work provides evidence for the first time on the natural occurrence of HGT between different species of mycobacteria. Gene transfer, mediated by a novel conjugative plasmid, was detected and experimentally reproduced.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Cooperacion Interuniversitaria UAM-Banco Santander con America Latina (CEAL), UAM, SpainConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Microbiol Imunol & Parasitol, Escola Paulista Med, São Paulo, BrazilLab Nacl Comp Cient, Petropolis, BrazilUniv Autonoma Madrid, Fac Med, Dept Prevent Med, Madrid, SpainInst Adolfo Lutz Registro, Nucleo TB & Micobacterioses, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Microbiol Imunol & Parasitol, Escola Paulista Med, São Paulo, BrazilFAPESP: FAPESP - 06/01533-9Web of Scienc