2,107 research outputs found
Locating a weak change using diffuse waves (LOCADIFF) : theoretical approach and inversion procedure
We describe a time-resolved monitoring technique for heterogeneous media. Our
approach is based on the spatial variations of the cross-coherence of coda
waveforms acquired at fixed positions but at different dates. To locate and
characterize a weak change that occurred between successive acquisitions, we
use a maximum likelihood approach combined with a diffusive propagation model.
We illustrate this technique, called LOCADIFF, with numerical simulations. In
several illustrative examples, we show that the change can be located with a
precision of a few wavelengths and its effective scattering cross-section can
be retrieved. The precision of the method depending on the number of source
receiver pairs, time window in the coda, and errors in the propagation model is
investigated. Limits of applications of the technique to real-world experiments
are discussed.Comment: 11 pages, 14 figures, 1 tabl
Tuberculosis/HIV/AIDS coinfection in Porto Alegre, RS/Brazil - invisibility and silencing of the most affected groups
OBJECTIVE: To analyze how belonging to certain social groups contributes to constituting the vulnerabilities associated with illnesses due to tuberculosis/HIV/AIDS coinfection. METHODOLOGYThis is a qualitative study carried out in the city of Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul, in regions of high social vulnerability. Twenty coinfected people were interviewed in specialized health services between August and December 2016. The analysis was based on the frameworks The Sound of Silence and Vulnerability and Human Rights. RESULTS: Socioeconomic conditions were decisive for the constitution of the vulnerability conditions. Processes of people invisibilization, and the silencing of their voices, in a scenario marked by economic, racial and gender inequalities, contributed for their health needs not to be understood and effectively taken into account in the services actions. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: The more effective strategies are to legitimize voices and to understand the needs of those affected by coinfection, the greater the chances that programmatic responses to the problem will be successful
Womenâs experiences of gynaecological consultations â uncovering its technological toolboxes: challenges in a Brazilian context
Historically, the medical definition of women as an object of biomedical knowledge has restricted the way by which gynecology is understood. In Brazilâs
Unified Health System (Sistema Unificado de SaĂșde â SUS, in Portuguese), it is the responsibility of gynaecological care services to identify, diagnose and
treat reproductive related conditions. However, gynaecological consultations are based predominantly on a medicalised model of diagnosis, treatment
and disease management which often fails to address the wider determinants of womenâs reproductive health and its impact on their general health
and life chances. This paper is focused on the way the Brazilian health system has responded to womenâs health needs in gynaecological consultations,
given its central role in maintaining and promoting womenâs health. it explores variations between âwhat should beâ and âwhat isâ offered to Brazilian
women in gynaecological consultations. The authors argue that while gynaecological consultations in Brazil (and elsewhere) are currently restricted to
programmatic targets, complaints and symptoms associated with sexual and reproductive functions; consultations could be used to respond to womenâs
needs, using a broader life course approach if a combination of health technologies âtoolboxesâ are employed. Implementation of care services utilising
a âtoolboxâ approach provides an opportunity to truly follow the principle of âintegralityâ, one of the doctrinal principles of the Brazilian health system,
which furthermore could have application in womenâs health care services elsewhere
Moisture degradation of open-faced single lap joints
To obtain experimental data in short time on the degradation of adhesives exposed to moisture, a valuable technique is represented using the open-face configuration. With this technique, a layer of adhesive is first applied on one adherend and exposed to the humid environment; then, the second adherend is bonded and the joint can now undergo mechanical testing. Apart from the acceleration of moisture uptake which is obtained due to the larger area exposed, a further advantage is the uniformity of degradation. A further acceleration can be obtained by adding a hygroscopic contaminant at the adhesive/adherend interface, which speeds up moisture uptake and accentuates the interfacial nature of the failure. The main aim of this work was to evaluate the decay of the mechanical strength in the absence or presence of a contaminating agent. The specimens studied were single lap joints, tested under static shear loading. Two sets of specimens were considered; in the first set, the adhesive was applied in standard way and in the second set, the adhesive/adherend interface was contaminated with droplets of CaCl2 aqueous solution. Both sets were subjected to humid and warm environment (100% relative humidity, 50 °C). After the desired exposure times in the range 1â5 weeks, groups of specimens were dried and bonding of the second adherend was carried out. Then, mechanical testing was performed; the fractured surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that before degradation the failure type is cohesive, but it changes to interfacial failure as the degradation proceeds. Uncontaminated specimens exhibit gradual degradation during the exposure time; contaminated specimens achieve almost half of the degradation in less than one week; after that, the process continues at lower speed and at the end of the observed period both methods show similar values of failure loads. Additional tests were carried out to assess the moisture absorption in the adhesive layer and relate it to the exposure time
The role of the single interchains disulfide bond in tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins and the development of antitetanus and antibotulism drugs
A large number of bacterial toxins consist of active and cell binding protomers linked by an interchain disulfide bridge. The largest family of such disulfide-bridged exotoxins is that of the clostridial neurotoxins that consist of two chains and comprise the tetanus neurotoxins causing tetanus and the botulinum neurotoxins causing botulism. Reduction of the interchain disulfide abolishes toxicity, and we discuss the experiments that revealed the role of this structural element in neuronal intoxication. The redox couple thioredoxin reductase-thioredoxin (TrxR-Trx) was identified as the responsible for reduction of this disulfide occurring on the cytosolic surface of synaptic vesicles. We then discuss the very relevant finding that drugs that inhibit TrxR-Trx also prevent botulism. On this basis, we propose that ebselen and PX-12, two TrxR-Trx specific drugs previously used in clinical trials in humans, satisfy all the requirements for clinical tests aiming at evaluating their capacity to effectively counteract human and animal botulism arising from intestinal toxaemias such as infant botulism
A Procedure for Performing Nonlinear Pushover Analysis for Tsunami Loading to ASCE 7
The new ASCE 7-16 Chapter 6 offers a comprehensive and practical methodology for the design of structures for tsunami loads and effects. While it provides prescriptive tsunami loading and design requirements, Chapter 6 also allows for the use of performance-based nonlinear analysis tools. However, the specifics of load application protocol and system and component evaluation for such a nonlinear approach are not provided. This paper presents a procedure for performing nonlinear static pushover analysis for tsunami loading within the framework of the ASCE 7-16 standard. Through this approach, the user can both estimate the effective systemic lateral load-resisting capacity of a building and the local component demand. This enables the identification of deficiencies in structural elements with respect to the ASCE 7-16 standard acceptance criteria. To demonstrate the procedure, a prototypical reinforced concrete multistory building exposed to high tsunami hazard on the US Northwest Pacific Coast is assessed. This is a building with sufficient height to provide last-resort refuge for people having insufficient time to evacuate outside the inundation zone. The results of the nonlinear static pushover analyses show that the structural system has sufficient lateral strength to resist ASCE 7-16 prescribed tsunami loads, but fails the checks for component-based loading, with the exterior ground-story columns observed to fail in flexure and shear. The example demonstrates that use of the tsunami nonlinear static analysis procedure allows the identification of structural deficiencies such that a targeted strengthening of the building can be conducted (i.e., flexural and shear strengthening of the seaward and inland columns for the case study building presented), leading to significantly reduced costs
A nonlinear static procedure for the tsunami design of a reinforced concrete building to the ASCE7 Standard
New ASCE 7-16 Chapter 6 offer a comprehensive and practical methodology for the design of structures for tsunami loads and effects. While they provide prescriptive tsunami loading and design requirements, they also allow for the use of performance-based analysis tools. However, no guidance is provided as to how the performance-based analysis should be performed. This paper presents an improved nonlinear static pushover procedure for the assessment of the nonlinear capacity of structures to tsunami, within the framework of the ASCE 7-16 provisions. For this purpose, a prototypical reinforced concrete multi-storey building exposed to high tsunami hazard in the US Northwest Pacific coast is assessed. This is a building with sufficient height to provide last-resort refuge for people having insufficient time to evacuate outside the inundation zone. Two different tsunami load discretisation methods are applied to investigate the structural capacity under tsunami systemic and component loading, respectively. The results of the nonlinear static pushover analyses show that the structural system has sufficient lateral strength to resist ASCE 7-16 prescribed tsunami loads. However, when component-based loading is considered, the seaward ground storey columns are observed to fail in shear, precipitating structural failure. This is in agreement with the ASCE 7-16 simplified systemic acceptance criteria, i.e. that the structure is unsafe for use as a refuge, and that it would require significant strengthening. However, the use of the VDPO provides information of what needs to be strengthened in order to improve the tsunami performance of the structure
Assessing the effect of tsunami-induced vertical loads on RC frames
The increasing number of people, structures and economic activities being exposed to tsunami hazards
makes it important to estimate the effects of this hazard on coastal developments. Tsunami onshore
flow generates significant loading on buildings and infrastructure, which can lead to structural failure.
Literature works recently proposed a non-linear static analysis method, called Variable Depth Pushover
(VDPO), for assessing the performance of buildings under the lateral pressures induced by a tsunami
onshore flow. This methodology was developed under the assumption that the building is watertight.
However, in the case of buildings with breakaway cladding (e.g., masonry infills), the water flow passing through the building induces vertical loads on horizontal structural members, due to uplift and
buoyancy pressures, that should be considered during the analysis. Thus, to address this phenomenon,
in this paper a numerical investigation is performed considering a combination of tsunami-induced
horizontal and vertical loads on a case-study reinforced concrete (RC) moment-resisting frame with
breakaway infills, typical of Mediterranean construction. The building model is subjected to a VDPO
analysis that applies different types and sizes of vertical loading on the horizontal elements of the building, as the tsunami inundation depth increases. From the results of this analysis, the effects of tsunamiinduced vertical load components on the case-study building in terms of damage propagation and failure
mode are discussed, and the significance of considering vertical loading is proven
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