17 research outputs found

    Experimental study of two-phase flow structure and pressure drop across a sudden contraction in horizontal pipe

    Get PDF
    Two-phase flow, particularly; gas-liquid flow is widely encountered in industrial applications like boilers, condensers, evaporators and reactors. These systems often exhibit complex geometry consisting on singularities such as expansions, contractions, orifices, bends etc. The presence of geometrical singularities in pipes may affect significantly the behavior of two-phase flow and subsequently the resulting pressure drop. Therefore, it is an important subject of investigation in particular when the application concerns design, safety and economical operations. This study investigates the pressure change and ïŹ‚ow pattern subject to the inïŹ‚uence of a sudden contraction. The pressures through sudden contraction in horizontal circular pipes have been measured with a capacitive differential pressure transducer, using air and water as the working fluids. The pressure drop is determined by extrapolating the pressure profiles upstream and downstream of the contraction. The larger and smaller tube diameters are 40 mm and 30 mm, respectively, with an area contraction ratio >\u1d70e= 0.567 . The ranges of the gas and liquid superficial velocity were 0.54 to 5.5 m/s and 0.011 up to 0.24 m/s respectively. It is noted that the sudden change in cross-section have a signiïŹcant inïŹ‚uence on the downstream phase distribution of the air-water ïŹ‚ow. In addition, close to the sudden contraction, a significant pressure drop occurs for single phase flow (water). While, for two-phase flow cases, a local pressure minimum was not detectable, the vena contracta phenomenon may not occur at all especially at low flow rates

    RÔLE DE L'OCCUPATION DU SOL VIS À VIS DE LA MODÉLISATION DES FLUX ENERGÉTIQUES ET HYDRIQUES EN MILIEU URBAIN ET PÉRIURBAIN

    Get PDF
    National audienceLe projet Rosenhy vise Ă  Ă©tudier l’impact de l’occupation du sol sur la modĂ©lisation mĂ©tĂ©orologique et hydrologique en termes de flux Ă©nergĂ©tiques et hydriques, en milieu urbain et pĂ©riurbain. Trois sites appartenant aux observatoires français OTHU et ONEVU sont au centre de ce projet. Le quartier urbain hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne du Pin sec (Nantes), impermĂ©abilisĂ© Ă  environ 45%, a fait l’objet d’une campagne expĂ©rimentale durant le mois de juin 2012, visant Ă  estimer les flux de chaleur sensible et latente avec une haute rĂ©solution spatiale et temporelle par rapport aux mesures rĂ©alisĂ©es en continu sur ce site depuis 5 ans. Deux bassins versant pĂ©riurbains (La ChĂ©zine Ă  Nantes et l’Yzeron Ă  Lyon), avec un taux d’impermĂ©abilisation moins important (environ 10%) mais grandissant depuis plusieurs dĂ©cennies, sont aussi Ă©tudiĂ©s. Ces deux derniers sites bĂ©nĂ©ficient d’un suivi hydromĂ©tĂ©orologique depuis 10 ans pour la ChĂ©zine et 15 ans pour l’Yzeron. Sur ces trois sites, diffĂ©rentes sources de donnĂ©es d’occupation du sol Ă  diffĂ©rentes rĂ©solutions sont disponibles :diffĂ©rentes bases de donnĂ©es gĂ©ographiques communĂ©ment utilisĂ©es par la communautĂ© scientifique et les collectivitĂ©s et des donnĂ©es tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tectĂ©es (multispectrales et hyperspectrales). L’utilisation de ces donnĂ©es en entrĂ©e de diffĂ©rents modĂšles mĂ©tĂ©orologiques et hydrologiques implique un travail d’analyse et de classification pour adapter les informations aux besoins des modĂšles. Dans ce projet, les diffĂ©rents modĂšles adaptĂ©s au milieu urbain ou pĂ©rirubain sont Ă©valuĂ©s et amĂ©liorĂ©s. Ainsi, les modĂšles hydrologiques pĂ©rirubains sont en dĂ©veloppement pour prendre en compte les diffĂ©rentes pratiques de gestion des eaux pluviales existantes (noues, toitures vĂ©gĂ©talisĂ©es, ...). L’utilisation conjointe des donnĂ©es simulĂ©es par les diffĂ©rents modĂšles aidera Ă  dĂ©terminer le rĂŽle de la part des surfaces naturelles et artificielles sur les bilans Ă©nergĂ©tique et hydrique en milieu plus ou moins urbanisĂ©. Le milieu pĂ©riurbain Ă©tant en Ă©volution, le projet s’intĂ©ressera aussi Ă  des scĂ©narios d’urbanisation prospectifs en regardant d’une part l’impact de la densification sur les scĂ©narios construits pour l’Yzeron lors du projet AVuPUR (ANR-VMCS, 2008-2011) et d’autre part, en rĂ©flĂ©chissant conjointement avec Nantes MĂ©tropole, aux possibles voies d’évolution sur le bassin de la ChĂ©zine

    Mesure et analyse des flux thermo-hydriques en zone urbaine hétérogÚne (SAP de l'IRSTV)

    No full text
    Dans le cadre de l'IRSTV un Secteur Atelier Pluridisciplinaire (SAP) a été mis en place et instrumenté à Nantes depuis 2006. L'objectif est d'assurer le suivi d'une zone périurbaine pendant plusieurs années en mesurant les différents flux qui participent aux bilans hydrique et thermique et d étudier l influence de l hétérogénéité spatiale sur la micro-climatologie. Le dispositif de mesures micro-météorologiques du SAP utilise un mùt de 30 m équipé de capteurs pour estimer les flux turbulents de chaleur sensible et latente par la méthode d Eddy Covariance. Les mesures obtenues depuis le printemps 2008 à novembre 2010 ont été enregistrées, analysées et validées pour alimenter une base de données consistante. L interprétation des flux mesurés reste complexe à cause de l hétérogénéité du site. Les zones sources des flux mesurés (footprints) sont localisées par le modÚle de Schmid. Une zone de rayon 1km autour du mùt a été documentée en termes de couverture des surfaces à partir de la BD-Topo de l IGN. Les analyses concernent surtout les données de l année 2009. Les mesures sont comparées aux simulations avec le modÚle de sol urbain SM2U. Les indices de performance du modÚle concernant les flux turbulents de chaleur sont trÚs satisfaisants. Une approche complémentaire a été proposée en pondérant les flux simulés par les footprints correspondant aux zones sources contribuant à 80% des flux. Cette méthode améliore les indices de performance pour les flux de chaleur sensible ainsi que les flux de vapeur d eau.Le bilan radiatif, les bilans d énergie et d eau sont établis avec SM2U sur le domaine d étude du SAP en utilisant en entrée les données météorologiques de l année 2009.Since 2006 a multi-disciplinary measurement station (Secteur Atelier Pluridisciplinaire, SAP) has been operational in Nantes as part of IRSTV. The objective is to monitor a semi-urban area over a timeframe of multiple years by measuring the fluxes that contribute to the water and energy balances, and by studying the effects of spatial heterogeneity on the micro-climate. Micro-meteorological data at SAP have been collected using a mast of 30m height with sensor packages for estimate the turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat by the Eddy Covariance method. The measurements obtained from April 2008 until November 2010 have been analyzed and validated, and stored in a coherent and uniform database. The interpretation of the flux measurements remains difficult due to the heterogeneity of the experimental site. The source regions of the measured flux (footprints) have been localized using the model by Schmid. A zone of 1 km in diameter around the mast was characterized in terms of soil coverage with the database BD-Topo of IGN. The analyses focus mainly on the 2009 data. The measurements have been compared to the simulations by the urban soil model SM2U. The performance indicators of the model for the evaluation of turbulent heat fluxes were very satisfactory. An alternative approach, suggested in this work, consisted of reproducing the SM2U fluxes that represent the source areas accounting for 80% of the fluxes. This alternative method yielded improved performance indicators for the sensible heat flux and the latent heat flux. The radiative, energy and water balances have been determined by SM2U for the SAP domain on the basis the meteorological data of 2009.NANTES-Ecole Centrale (441092306) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Legislative Documents

    No full text
    Also, variously referred to as: House bills; House documents; House legislative documents; legislative documents; General Court documents

    Energy and water budgets asphalt concrete pavement under simulated rain events

    No full text
    Urban areas are subject to high human pressure and forthcoming enhanced hydrologic and climatic risks due to both city development and climate change. An asphalt concrete parking lot was instrumented in Nantes, France, to quantify the energy and hydrological responses of the surface to simulated rainfalls. The surface fluxes (precipitation, evaporation, radiation exchanges, sensible heat convection and conduction, runoff) were measured in situ and used to close the water budget with residual closure errors lower than 10%, depending on the surface evaporation retrieval method. The latent heat flux estimated from scintillometry measurements provided a better water budget closure than the direct eddy-correlation measurements. Runoff was the primary component of the water budget and represented around 80% of the total precipitation, compared to 17% for surface evaporation. The scintillometry method provided water evaporation time series at a 1-min time scale during the experiment. These series were used to characterize the rapid changes in the hydrological and energetic budgets of the asphalt surface after a precipitation event. During the drying phase the surface evaporation was significantly active, yielding 80% of the turbulent fluxes with a Bowen ratio of 0.25

    VegDUD project: Role of vegetation in sustainable urban development

    Get PDF
    ICUC: 8th International Conference on Urban Climates, DUBLIN, IRLANDE, 06-/08/2012 - 12/08/2012In cities, the increase of artificial surfaces to the detriment of natural areas deteriorates the environmental quality and energy consumption. The VegDUD project is an interdisciplinary assessment of vegetal technics projected in the future dense city with a focus on climatology, hydrology, energy and ambiences. It aims at increasing the necessary knowledge to orientate urban planners and policy makers. The problem is tackled from several complementary points of view: - Practises: What are the traditional and new practises of urban vegetation? After some initial surveys we focus our researches on five families of vegetal devices. - Tools: Can we quantify vegetation environmental impacts? What are the best spatial and temporal scales to assess them? How do they combine with urban morphology? Urban vegetation representations are implemented in models of climatology, hydrology, sound propagation and building energy from the architectural scale up to the city scale. Measurement techniques and experimental campaigns are developed to understand the physical processes generated by new vegetation devices and to validate our models. - Documentation: Can we rapidly acquire a sufficient knowledge of urban vegetation presence at a large scale? We develop a communal geographical information system (GIS) to integrate the results of field surveys, propose urban development simulations and render the building-vegetation interactions in the actual and future cities. - Analysis: What will be the long-term impacts of the present policies? What are the possible alternatives? We compare retrospective and prospective simulations using our models. With these physical assessments, economical constraints, sensible aspects and vegetation practises are also considered.Présentation générale du projet Vegdu

    Collaboration Scientifique Alger -Nantes-Marseille

    No full text
    La collaboration Scientifique entre l'Algérie et la France est illustrée ici par l'exemple des actions de recherche entre l'USTHB, l'Université de Nantes, l'Ecole Centrale de Nantes, l'Ecole des Mines de Nantes et l'Université Paul Cézanne d'Aix-Marseille
    corecore