Effects of soil characteristics and leaf thinning on micronutrient uptake and redistribution in 'Cabernet Sauvignon'

This study investigated the uptake and distribution in grape tissues of the micronutrients copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn), in a 16 year-old 'Cabernet  Sauvignon' vineyard and their relationship with soil characteristics and management. The analysis was carried out in two plots with differences in vigour, grown in a calcareous soil. Two different management treatments (with and without leaf thinning after bloom) were applied in each plot. Partitioning and distribution of micronutrients (Cu, Zn and Mn) in petiole, seeds skin and flesh were evaluated from veraison to harvest. The relationship between micronutrients and grape parameters such as pH, total acidity and berry weight were also evaluated. Differences in nutrient concentration were found between the areas with differences in vigour, but concentration in petiole did not present good correlation with the soil fraction extracted with CaCl2+DTPA+Trietanolamine. The results showed that micronutrient concentrations varied in a different way between organs during ripening. Cu and Zn in petioles had higher concentrations at veraison than at harvest, while for Mn the concentrations were higher at the end of the cycle. Zn and Mn were within the acceptable levels, while Cu levels were above them. Mn and Zn were mainly concentrated in seeds and skins. Cu and Mn concentrations in petiole, skins and seeds were higher in the leaf tinning treatment, but the results were opposite for Zn. Zn and Cu in flesh increased with berry weight while Mn decreased. Acidity and pH affected Zn in skins and flesh and Mn in seeds

Characterizations of inequality orderings by means of dispersive orderings

The generalized Lorenz order and the absolute Lorenz order are used in economics to compare income distributions in terms of social welfare. In Section 2, we show that these orders are equivalent to two stochastic orders, the concave order and the dilation order, which are used to compare the dispersion of probability distributions. In Section 3, a sufficient condition for the absolute Lorenz order, which is often easy to verify in practice, is presented. This condition is applied in Section 4 to the ordering of generalized gamma distributions with different parameters

The proportional likelihood ratio order and applications

In this paper, we introduce a new stochastic order between continuous non-negative random variables called the PLR (proportional likelihood ratio) order, which is closely related to the usual likelihood ratio order. The PLR order can be used to characterize random variables whose logarithms have log-concave (log-convex) densities. Many income random variables satisfy this property and they are said to have the IPLR (increasing proportional likelihood ratio) property (DPLR property). As an application, we show that the IPLR and DPLR properties are sufficient conditions for the Lorenz ordering of truncated distributions

Characterizations of inequality orderings by means of dispersive orderings

The generalized Lorenz order and the absolute Lorenz order are used in economics to compare income distributions in terms of social welfare. In Section 2, we show that these orders are equivalent to two stochastic orders, the concave order and the dilation order, which are used to compare the dispersion of probability distributions. In Section 3, a sufficient condition for the absolute Lorenz order, which is often easy to verify in practice, is presented. This condition is applied in Section 4 to the ordering of generalized gamma distributions with different parameters

Parallel simulation of spiral waves in reacting and diffusing media

The propagation of the spiral waves in excitable media is governed by the non-linear reaction-diffusion equations. In order to solve these equations in the three-dimensional space, two methods have been implemented and parallelized on both shared- and distributed-memory computers. These implicit methods linearize the equations in time, following alternate directions in the first case (ADI), and using the Crank-Nicolson discretization in the second case. A linear system of algebraic equations has been obtained and it has been solved using direct methods in the ADI technique, while in the second case has been used the conjugated gradient (CG) method. An optimized version of the CG algorithm is presented here, in which the largest efficiency has been obtained

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-The constant development of geomatics tools has driven the opening of their applications to multiple disciplines, including archaeology. The possibility of performing a 3D reconstruction of archaeological remains as well as a semantic classification of the 3D surface facilitates not only a better knowledge of the historical heritage but also an essential aid to the planning and development of restoration and preservation projects of this legacy. Different data exploitation strategies are needed to take advantage of the geospatial data provided by geomatics tools. In this paper, we have studied the current state of conservation of a medieval tower, Torre Benzalá in Jaén, southern Spain. The interesting thing about this study is that very high resolution RGB images, taken by a drone, have been used in order to show the current degree of deterioration of the tower, providing accurate and precise documentation of the current state. Thus, a highly detailed 3D reconstruction of the tower has been carried out. A dense point cloud was generated to obtain a digital elevation model (DEM) to identify and quantify the most critically deteriorated areas. The results are useful for the development of an architectural maintenance and restoration project to preserve this archaeological legacy.

FEAR OF COVID-19 IN MADRID: WILL PATIENTS ATTEND FOR DENTAL CARE?

Introduction: The objective of this research is to describe how perceived infectability, germ aversion, and fear of COVID-19 in adults in Madrid have changed from the beginning of the pandemic until the lockdown exit phase and their influence on dental care behaviour. Materials and Methods: Some 961 participants were monitored in a study in Madrid at 2 time points: before lockdown (T0) and after completion of the total lockdown (T1). A questionnaire that included basic sociodemographic variables, the perceived vulnerability to disease scale (including perceived infectability and germ aversion), the fear of COVID-19 scale, and dental visiting behaviour after confinement for fear of COVID was administered. Results: The participants had higher scores for infectability and germ aversion at T1 than at T0 (P < 0.01). Of those studied, 24.5% (235) of the participants would not go to the dentist for fear of COVID-19. Those who had a high perceived infectability scale score were at least 5 times more likely to not visit the dentist. Those with high COVID-19 fear were at least 6 timesmore likely to not visit the dentist, and those older than 60 years were 8 timesmore likely to not visit. Conclusions: The population’s high levels of vulnerability to infectability and perceived germ aversion associated with fear of COVID-19 and the resultant avoidance behaviour to dental care will remain until an effective drug or vaccine for SARS-CoV2 is found

Perceived vulnerability to Coronavirus infection: impact on dental practice

SARS-CoV-2 is a new virus responsible for the outbreak of the respiratory disease COVID-19, which has spread to several countries around the world, causing considerable consternation and a fear of contagions in global healthcare settings. The objective of this study is to identify, among Madrid’s adult population, the impact of COVID-19 on self-perceived vulnerability, infectiousness, aversion to germs, and other behaviors in the current situation regarding dental practice. This cross-sectional observational study involves 1,008 persons randomly surveyed on the streets of Madrid, Spain between March 1 and March 8, 2020. Their perceived vulnerability to disease was measured using the perceived vulnerability to disease scale. An additional questionnaire evaluated basic sociodemographic aspects, medical history, personal hygiene behavior, willingness to go to certain places and the perception of the risk of contagion when going to a dental practice. There are significant differences by sex on the germ aversion subscale (p < 0.05) and in the risk of waiting in the waiting room (p < 0.01), tooth extraction ((p < 0.05), endodontics (p < 0.05) and fillings ((p < 0.05). Women consider the risk to be higher than men do. The risk group (over 60 and with systemic disease) has significant differences on the subscales of infectivity (p < 0.01) and germ aversion (p < 0.01). Our study shows high levels of vulnerability regarding contracting COVID-19 and avoiding dental care as perceived by the population over 60 years old and with a systemic disease

Optimization Strategy for Improving the Energy Efficiency of Irrigation Systems by Micro Hydropower: Practical Application

[EN] Analyses of possible synergies between energy recovery and water management are essential for achieving sustainable advances in the performance of pressurized irrigation networks. Nowadays, the use of micro hydropower in water systems is being analysed to improve the overall energy efficiency. In this line, the present research is focused on the proposal and development of a novel optimization strategy for increasing the energy efficiency in pressurized irrigation networks by energy recovering. The recovered energy is maximized considering different objective functions, including feasibility index: the best energy converter must be selected, operating in its best efficiency conditions by variation of its rotational speed, providing the required flow in each moment. These flows (previously estimated through farmers¿ habits) are compared with registered values of flow in the main line with very suitable calibration results, getting a Nash¿Sutcliffe value above 0.6 for different time intervals, and a PBIAS index below 10% in all time interval range. The methodology was applied to a Vallada network obtaining a maximum recovered energy of 58.18 MWh/year (41.66% of the available energy), improving the recovered energy values between 141 and 184% when comparing to energy recovery considering a constant rotational speed. The proposal of this strategy shows the real possibility of installing micro hydropower machines to improve the water¿energy nexus management in pressurized systems.This research was supported by the program to support the academic career of the faculty of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia 2016/2017 in the project "Maximization of the global efficiency in PATs in laboratory facility" of the first author. Besides, the authors wish to thank to the project REDAWN (Reducing Energy Dependency in Atlantic Area Water Networks) EAPA_198/2016 from INTERREG ATLANTIC AREA PROGRAMME 2014-2020 and CERIS (CEHIDRO-IST).Pérez-Sánchez, M.; Sánchez-Romero, F.; Ramos, HM.; López Jiménez, PA. (2017). Optimization Strategy for Improving the Energy Efficiency of Irrigation Systems by Micro Hydropower: Practical Application. Water. 9(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/w9100799S910Goonetilleke, A., & Vithanage, M. (2017). Water Resources Management: Innovation and Challenges in a Changing World. Water, 9(4), 281. doi:10.3390/w9040281Coelho, B., & Andrade-Campos, A. (2014). Efficiency achievement in water supply systems—A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 30, 59-84. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.09.010Nogueira Vilanova, M. R., & Perrella Balestieri, J. A. (2014). Energy and hydraulic efficiency in conventional water supply systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 30, 701-714. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.11.024McNabola, A., Coughlan, P., Corcoran, L., Power, C., Prysor Williams, A., Harris, I., … Styles, D. (2013). Energy recovery in the water industry using micro-hydropower: an opportunity to improve sustainability. Water Policy, 16(1), 168-183. doi:10.2166/wp.2013.164Lydon, T., Coughlan, P., & McNabola, A. (2017). Pump-As-Turbine: Characterization as an Energy Recovery Device for the Water Distribution Network. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 143(8), 04017020. doi:10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0001316Pasten, C., & Santamarina, J. C. (2012). Energy and quality of life. Energy Policy, 49, 468-476. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.06.051Kanakoudis, V., & Papadopoulou, A. (2014). Allocating the cost of the carbon footprint produced along a supply chain, among the stakeholders involved. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 5(4), 556-568. doi:10.2166/wcc.2014.101Kanakoudis, V., Tsitsifli, S., & Papadopoulou, A. (2012). Integrating the Carbon and Water Footprints’ Costs in the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC Full Water Cost Recovery Concept: Basic Principles Towards Their Reliable Calculation and Socially Just Allocation. Water, 4(1), 45-62. doi:10.3390/w4010045Kanakoudis, V. (2014). Three alternative ways to allocate the cost of the CF produced in a water supply and distribution system. Desalination and Water Treatment, 54(8), 2212-2222. doi:10.1080/19443994.2014.934117George, B., Malano, H., Davidson, B., Hellegers, P., Bharati, L., & Massuel, S. (2011). An integrated hydro-economic modelling framework to evaluate water allocation strategies I: Model development. Agricultural Water Management, 98(5), 733-746. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2010.12.004Huesemann, M. H. (2002). The limits of technological solutions to sustainable development. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 5(1), 21-34. doi:10.1007/s10098-002-0173-8Sitzenfrei, R., & von Leon, J. (2014). Long-time simulation of water distribution systems for the design of small hydropower systems. Renewable Energy, 72, 182-187. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2014.07.013Patelis, M., Kanakoudis, V., & Gonelas, K. (2016). Pressure Management and Energy Recovery Capabilities Using PATs. Procedia Engineering, 162, 503-510. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.094Patelis, M., Kanakoudis, V., & Gonelas, K. (2017). Combining pressure management and energy recovery benefits in a water distribution system installing PATs. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology - Aqua, jws2017018. doi:10.2166/aqua.2017.018Fecarotta, O., Aricò, C., Carravetta, A., Martino, R., & Ramos, H. M. (2014). Hydropower Potential in Water Distribution Networks: Pressure Control by PATs. Water Resources Management, 29(3), 699-714. doi:10.1007/s11269-014-0836-3Gilron, J. (2014). Water-energy nexus: matching sources and uses. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 16(8), 1471-1479. doi:10.1007/s10098-014-0853-1Emec, S., Bilge, P., & Seliger, G. (2015). Design of production systems with hybrid energy and water generation for sustainable value creation. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 17(7), 1807-1829. doi:10.1007/s10098-015-0947-4Okadera, T., Chontanawat, J., & Gheewala, S. H. (2014). Water footprint for energy production and supply in Thailand. Energy, 77, 49-56. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.03.113Herath, I., Deurer, M., Horne, D., Singh, R., & Clothier, B. (2011). The water footprint of hydroelectricity: a methodological comparison from a case study in New Zealand. Journal of Cleaner Production, 19(14), 1582-1589. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.05.007Baki, S., & Makropoulos, C. (2014). Tools for Energy Footprint Assessment in Urban Water Systems. Procedia Engineering, 89, 548-556. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.477Giugni, M., Fontana, N., & Ranucci, A. (2014). Optimal Location of PRVs and Turbines in Water Distribution Systems. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 140(9), 06014004. doi:10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000418Pérez-Sánchez, M., Sánchez-Romero, F. J., López-Jiménez, P. A., & Ramos, H. M. (2018). PATs selection towards sustainability in irrigation networks: Simulated annealing as a water management tool. Renewable Energy, 116, 234-249. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2017.09.060Corcoran, L., McNabola, A., & Coughlan, P. (2016). Optimization of Water Distribution Networks for Combined Hydropower Energy Recovery and Leakage Reduction. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 142(2), 04015045. doi:10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000566Ramos, H., & Borga, A. (1999). Pumps as turbines: an unconventional solution to energy production. Urban Water, 1(3), 261-263. doi:10.1016/s1462-0758(00)00016-9Ramos, H. M., Kenov, K. N., & Vieira, F. (2011). Environmentally friendly hybrid solutions to improve the energy and hydraulic efficiency in water supply systems. Energy for Sustainable Development, 15(4), 436-442. doi:10.1016/j.esd.2011.07.009Calibración de Modelos Hidrológicoshttp://www.imefen.uni.edu.pe/Temas_interes/modhidro_2.pdfD. N. Moriasi, J. G. Arnold, M. W. Van Liew, R. L. Bingner, R. D. Harmel, & T. L. Veith. (2007). Model Evaluation Guidelines for Systematic Quantification of Accuracy in Watershed Simulations. Transactions of the ASABE, 50(3), 885-900. doi:10.13031/2013.23153Kirkpatrick, S., Gelatt, C. D., & Vecchi, M. P. (1983). Optimization by Simulated Annealing. Science, 220(4598), 671-680. doi:10.1126/science.220.4598.671Samora, I., Franca, M. J., Schleiss, A. J., & Ramos, H. M. (2016). Simulated Annealing in Optimization of Energy Production in a Water Supply Network. Water Resources Management, 30(4), 1533-1547. doi:10.1007/s11269-016-1238-5Carravetta, A., del Giudice, G., Fecarotta, O., & Ramos, H. (2013). PAT Design Strategy for Energy Recovery in Water Distribution Networks by Electrical Regulation. Energies, 6(1), 411-424. doi:10.3390/en6010411Methodology for Energy Efficiency Analysis in Pressurized Irrigation Networks, Practical Applicationhttps://riunet.upv.es/bitstream/handle/10251/84012/RESUMEN.pdf?sequence=3Singh, P., & Nestmann, F. (2010). An optimization routine on a prediction and selection model for the turbine operation of centrifugal pumps. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 34(2), 152-164. doi:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2009.10.004Pérez-Sánchez, M., Sánchez-Romero, F., Ramos, H., & López-Jiménez, P. (2016). Modeling Irrigation Networks for the Quantification of Potential Energy Recovering: A Case Study. Water, 8(6), 234. doi:10.3390/w8060234Pérez-Sánchez, M., Sánchez-Romero, F. J., Ramos, H. M., & López-Jiménez, P. A. (2017). Calibrating a flow model in an irrigation network: Case study in Alicante, Spain. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 15(1), e1202. doi:10.5424/sjar/2017151-10144Pérez-Sánchez, M., Sánchez-Romero, F., Ramos, H., & López-Jiménez, P. (2017). Energy Recovery in Existing Water Networks: Towards Greater Sustainability. Water, 9(2), 97. doi:10.3390/w9020097Fecarotta, O., Carravetta, A., Ramos, H. M., & Martino, R. (2016). An improved affinity model to enhance variable operating strategy for pumps used as turbines. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 54(3), 332-341. doi:10.1080/00221686.2016.114180

Gaia Data Release 3: Mapping the asymmetric disc of the Milky Way

Context. With the most recent Gaia data release, the number of sources with complete 6D phase space information (position and velocity) has increased to well over 33 million stars, while stellar astrophysical parameters are provided for more than 470 million sources, and more than 11 million variable stars are identified. Aims. Using the astrophysical parameters and variability classifications provided in Gaia DR3, we selected various stellar populations to explore and identify non-axisymmetric features in the disc of the Milky Way in configuration and velocity space. Methods. Using more about 580 000 sources identified as hot OB stars, together with 988 known open clusters younger than 100 Myr, we mapped the spiral structure associated with star formation 4−5 kpc from the Sun. We selected over 2800 Classical Cepheids younger than 200 Myr that show spiral features extending as far as 10 kpc from the Sun in the outer disc. We also identified more than 8.7 million sources on the red giant branch (RGB), of which 5.7 million have line-of-sight velocities. This later sample allows the velocity field of the Milky Way to be mapped as far as 8 kpc from the Sun, including the inner disc. Results. The spiral structure revealed by the young populations is consistent with recent results using Gaia EDR3 astrometry and source lists based on near-infrared photometry, showing the Local (Orion) Arm to be at least 8 kpc long, and an outer arm consistent with what is seen in HI surveys, which seems to be a continuation of the Perseus arm into the third quadrant. The subset of RGB stars with velocities clearly reveals the large-scale kinematic signature of the bar in the inner disc, as well as evidence of streaming motions in the outer disc that might be associated with spiral arms or bar resonances. A local comparison of the velocity field of the OB stars reveals similarities and differences with the RGB sample. Conclusions. This cursory study of Gaia DR3 data shows there is a rich bounty of kinematic information to be explored more deeply, which will undoubtedly lead us to a clearer understanding of the dynamical nature of the non-axisymmetric structures of the Milky Way