Macrophytes assemblages in mountain lakes of Alerce Andino National Park (41° S, Lakes Region, Chile).

The lakes studied (Chapo, Sargazo, Chaiquenes and Triángulo) are located in the Alerce Andino National Park (41°30'S, 71°32'W), Chile. An inventory of the aquatic and riparian species was performed between December 2010 and January 2011. A null model analysis was done to determine the existence of regulatory factors of species associations, and the Jaccard index was applied to determine floristic similarities. It identidied 23 species, the high number was reported (14) and the most introduced species number (4) were reported at Sargazo lake, whereas the low species number was observed in Triángulo lake with three species. The analysis of the null model revealed the presence of regulatory factors in one of the three simulations. However, in the other two simulations, the species associations appeared to be random, presumably because many species were repeated at the study sites. According to the Jaccard index, Triángulo Lake is noticeably different from the other lakes, probably due to its marked oligotrophy

NUMEROS CROMOSOMICOS DE PTERIDOFITOS CHILENOS: PRIMERA CONTRIBUCION

Mitotic chromosome counts in Chilean pteridophytes confirm the diploidy described for Equisetum L. (2n = 216) andBlechnum L. (2n = 66), as well as the tetraploidy of Asplenium L. (2n = 144). Megalastrum spectabile (Kaulf.) A.R.Sm.et R.C.Moran is diploid (2n = 82), while in metaphases of Polystichum subintegerrimum (Hook. et Arn.) R.A.Rodr.chromosome numbers from ca. 311 to 328 were counted. Tetraploidy was also described in Adiantum chilense Kaulf.(2n = 116)

Árboles de Temuco

Incluye descripciones botánicas y más de 300 fotografías de las 64 especies arbóreas más frecuentes de Temuco,con un listado de otras 60 posibles de observar en la ciudad. Se incluye además información de otras especies posibles de observar en las áreas verdes y calles de Temuco,un glosario de términos botánicos que facilitará una mejor comprensión del texto, un índice de nombres científicos y comunes, un listado bibliográfico con literatura complementaria y los créditos fotográficos

Composición florística post disturbio natural en la zona cordillerana de Licán Ray, Región de La Araucanía, Chile

Se presenta la composición florística de un área impactada por un disturbio natural, ubicada en la zona cordillerana de Licán Ray. La flora total se compone de 78 especies de plantas vasculares, de las cuales la mayor parte pertenece al grupo de las dicotiledóneas. En el origen geográfico sobresalen las especies nativas, sin embargo hay una importante presencia de elementos introducidos principalmente provenientes de Europa. Las formas de vida están dominadas en mayor medida por hierbas perennes y árboles. El área de estudio presenta una alta intervención antrópica, debido a su cercanía a centros turísticos. No obstante, en el espectro florístico se exhiben especies características del bosque original, las cuales necesitan de disturbios naturales para regenerar.

Composição de comunidades de microcustáceos e variáveis ambientaisem lagos e lagoas da região Andina - Sul do Chile (37-39° S)

The zooplankton assemblages in Chilean Patagonian lakes are characterised mainly by their low biodiversity and high predominance of calanoids copepods, a pattern that has been studied for large and deep lakes between 38-51° S, and shallow ponds at 51° S. The aim of the present study was analyse the zooplankton assemblages in different water bodies located in coastal zones, middle valleys and mountain zones between 37-39° S. For this purpose, the following variables were considered: maximum depth, latitude, altitude, chlorophyll-a and species number, and to these variables, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied. A co-occurrence null model analysis was also applied for determining the existence of a random process in crustacean species associations. The results denoted low species richness, and different species associations for studied sites, and the null model analysis revealed the absence of a random process as regulator of species associations. Furthermore, a low species/genera ratio was identified, which denotes low productivity of the studied sites. These results were supported by a PCA analysis which denoted that the main determinant factors are chlorophyll concentration and species number that are directly associated. The obtained results are in agreement with descriptions in the literature for species diversity for lakes of Chilean Patagonia that describes oligotrophy as the main regulator of zooplankton assemblages. Other ecological and limnological topics are discussed in the present study.As comunidades zooplantônicas em lagos chilenos são caracterizadas, principalmente, por sua baixa biodiversidade e alta predominância de copépodos calanoides, um padrão que tem sido estudado em lagos grandes e profundos entre 38-51° S, e lagoas rasas em 51° S. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar as comunidades zooplantônicas em diferentes corpos de água localizados em zonas costeiras, vales intermediários e regiões de montanhas entre 37-39° S. Para este propósito, as seguintes variáveis foram consideradas: profundidade máxima, latitude, altitude, clorofila "a" e número de espécies, e a estas variáveis, foi aplicada a Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA). Um modelo nulo de coocorrência também foi aplicado para determinar a existência de um processo aleatório na associação de espécies de crustáceos. Os resultados denotam baixa diversidade de espécies e diferentes associações de espécies nos diferentes locais estudados, e o modelo nulo de análises revelou a ausência de um processo aleatório como regulador de associação de espécies. Além disso, a baixa relação espécie/gênero foi identificada, o que denota baixa produtividade dos locais estudados. Estes resultados foram apoiados pelas análises de PCA que mostraram que os fatores determinantes principais como a concentração de clorofila e número de espécies estão diretamente associados. Os resultados obtidos concordam com as descrições na literatura sobre a diversidade de espécies para lagos da Patagônia Chilena, que descreve a oligotrofia como principal regulador de comunidades zooplanctônicas. Outros tópicos ecológicos e limnológicos foram discutidos no presente estudo

Las especies exóticas predominan en la flora leñosa urbana de Chile central

The expansion of cities promotes the replacement of local biotas with exotic species causing a decrease in global diversity.As urbanization continues to expand, efforts directed towards the conservation within urban landscapes could supportregional biodiversity conservation. The biogeographic region of central Chile displays a native flora of global importancebecause of its high endemism. Up to date, studies analysing the composition of the floras within the cities are scarce. Thepresent study aims at characterizing the compositional and distributional patterns of the ornamental flora of five cities ofcentral Chile (La Serena, Valparaíso, Santiago, Rancagua, and Talca). For this purpose, we sampled several streets andsquares recording all woody species. The species were then characterized by their biogeographical origin and incidence.It was recorded 302 species of which approx. 86% were exotic and 14% were native, a consistent pattern found in the fivecities studied; these results contrast with the European urban flora, where native species can usually overcome 50% of theplant species. Almost half of the exotic species had their origin in Asia (including Australasia, Temperate, and TropicalAsia), Europe, and North America. Consequently, the representation of the regional flora within the urban context is lowfor central Chile, with the native species registered, accounting for only 0.81% of the total species described for thecountry. Urban habitats could support regional biodiversity conservation, so a shift towards sustainable urban planningcould promote local biological conservation.La expansión de las ciudades promueve el reemplazo de biotas locales (nativas) por especies exóticas, lo que causa unadisminución en la diversidad. A medida que la urbanización continúa, los esfuerzos dirigidos a la conservación dentrode los paisajes urbanos podrían apoyar la conservación de la biodiversidad regional. La región biogeográfica de ChileCentral muestra una flora nativa de importancia mundial debido a su alto endemismo. No obstante, hasta la fecha haypocos estudios que analicen la composición de las floras dentro de las ciudades de esta región. El presente estudio analizala composición de la flora ornamental para cinco ciudades de Chile central: La Serena, Valparaíso, Santiago, Rancaguay Talca. Para ello realizamos un muestreo de calles y plazas de estas ciudades, registrando especies de plantas leñosas,distinguiendo su origen biogeográfico y su incidencia. Se registraron 302 especies de las cuales aprox. el 86% fueronespecies exóticas y el 14% nativas, patrón numéricamente consistente en las cinco ciudades estudiadas. Casi la mitad delas especies exóticas provienen de Asia (incluyendo Australasia y Asia tropical y templada), Norteamérica y Europa. Enconsecuencia, la representación de la flora regional dentro del contexto urbano es baja para el centro de Chile. Los habitatsurbanos podrían apoyar la conservación de la biodiversidad regional, por lo que un cambio hacia una planificación urbanasostenible podría promover la conservación biológica local

Botánica Forense en Chile: El caso de Aristotelia chilensis (Molina) Stuntz y su potencial utilidad como especie bioindicadora forense

Aristotelia chilensis is mentioned for the first time for plants grown on pig carcasses decomposing. Its potential as a bioindicator species for the development of forensic botany in Chile and its importance in the reconstruction of criminal events are discussed

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Composición florística post disturbio natural en la zona cordillerana de Licán Ray, Región de La Araucanía, Chile

Se presenta la composición florística de un área impactada por un disturbio natural, ubicada en la zona cordillerana de Licán Ray. La flora total se compone de 78 especies de plantas vasculares, de las cuales la mayor parte pertenece al grupo de las dicotiledóneas. En el origen geográfico sobresalen las especies nativas, sin embargo hay una importante presencia de elementos introducidos principalmente provenientes de Europa. Las formas de vida están dominadas en mayor medida por hierbas perennes y árboles. El área de estudio presenta una alta intervención antrópica, debido a su cercanía a centros turísticos. No obstante, en el espectro florístico se exhiben especies características del bosque original, las cuales necesitan de disturbios naturales para regenerar.