La Banque de France et la gestion des billets.

Au cours des vingt-cinq dernières années, le rôle de la banque centrale et celui des sociétés de transport de fonds se sont renforcés dans l’organisation de la filière fiduciaire en France.monnaie fiduciaire, billets, cycle fiduciaire, banque centrale, transport de fonds.

Systematic uncertainties in the determination of the local dark matter density

A precise determination of the local dark matter density and an accurate control over the corresponding uncertainties are of paramount importance for Dark Matter (DM) searches. Using very recent high-resolution numerical simulations of a Milky Way like object, we study the systematic uncertainties that affect the determination of the local dark matter density based on dynamical measurements in the Galaxy. In particular, extracting from the simulation with baryons the orientation of the Galactic stellar disk with respect to the DM distribution, we study the DM density for an observer located at $\sim$8 kpc from the Galactic center {\it on the stellar disk}, $\rho_0$. This quantity is found to be always larger than the average density in a spherical shell of same radius $\bar{\rho}_0$, which is the quantity inferred from dynamical measurements in the Galaxy, and to vary in the range $\rho_0/\bar{\rho}_0=1.01-1.41$. This suggests that the actual dark matter density in the solar neighbourhood is on average 21\% larger than the value inferred from most dynamical measurements, and that the associated systematic errors are larger than the statistical errors recently discussed in the literature.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, matches published versio

Simulation laser d'impacts de particules de très grande vitesse

Le laser au néodyme du GRECO I.L.M. délivrant des impulsions de l'ordre de 100 J en quelques ns, nous a permis de simuler des impacts de micrométéorites silicatées de quelques dixièmes de μg, de vitesse comprise entre 5 et 45 km/s, sur une cible d'aluminium. Les cratères produits dans la cible sont hémisphériques, et le rapport Km, de la masse éjectée sur la masse de la particule incidente simulée, varie avec la vitesse d'impact Vp selon la loi Km = 1,17 V 1,52p

Critical properties of joint spin and Fortuin-Kasteleyn observables in the two-dimensional Potts model

The two-dimensional Potts model can be studied either in terms of the original Q-component spins, or in the geometrical reformulation via Fortuin-Kasteleyn (FK) clusters. While the FK representation makes sense for arbitrary real values of Q by construction, it was only shown very recently that the spin representation can be promoted to the same level of generality. In this paper we show how to define the Potts model in terms of observables that simultaneously keep track of the spin and FK degrees of freedom. This is first done algebraically in terms of a transfer matrix that couples three different representations of a partition algebra. Using this, one can study correlation functions involving any given number of propagating spin clusters with prescribed colours, each of which contains any given number of distinct FK clusters. For 0 <= Q <= 4 the corresponding critical exponents are all of the Kac form h_{r,s}, with integer indices r,s that we determine exactly both in the bulk and in the boundary versions of the problem. In particular, we find that the set of points where an FK cluster touches the hull of its surrounding spin cluster has fractal dimension d_{2,1} = 2 - 2 h_{2,1}. If one constrains this set to points where the neighbouring spin cluster extends to infinity, we show that the dimension becomes d_{1,3} = 2 - 2 h_{1,3}. Our results are supported by extensive transfer matrix and Monte Carlo computations.Comment: 15 pages, 3 figures, 2 table

Contracting automorphisms and L^p-cohomology in degree one

We characterize those Lie groups, and algebraic groups over a local field of characteristic zero, whose first reduced L^p-cohomology is zero for all p>1, extending a result of Pansu. As an application, we obtain a description of Gromov-hyperbolic groups among those groups. In particular we prove that any non-elementary Gromov-hyperbolic algebraic group over a non-Archimedean local field of zero characteristic is quasi-isometric to a 3-regular tree. We also extend the study to semidirect products of a general locally compact group by a cyclic group acting by contracting automorphisms.Comment: 27 pages, no figur

Determination of TGFβ1 protein level in human primary breast cancers and its relationship with survival

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ)1 is thought to be implicated in breast cancer progression. However, data about the influence of TGFβ1 on breast cancer development are conflicting. To clarify the clinical relevance of TGFβ1, TGFβ1 protein level has been measured by enzyme-immoassay in 193 breast tumour samples. We found that 94.3% of patients expressed TGFβ1 with a range of 0–684 pg mg−1 protein. In the overall population, an increase of tumoral TGFβ1 was observed in premenopausal patients when compared to postmenopausal subgroup (P=0.0006). When patients were subdivided according to nodal status, TGFβ1 was correlated to type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor in the node-negative subgroup (P=0.040). Multivariate analysis revealed that, after lymph node status (P=0.0002) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (P=0.004), TGFβ1 was an independent prognostic marker for DFS (P=0.005) in the overall population. In the node-negative population, TGFβ1 was the prominent prognostic factor (P=0.010). In the same population, Kaplan–Meier curves demonstrated that high TGFβ1 level was correlated with a shorter disease-free survival (P=0.020). These data suggest that the measurement of tumoral TGFβ1 protein level, especially for node-negative patients, might help to identify a high-risk population early in tumour progression

Phase-resolved NuSTAR and Swift-XRT Observations of Magnetar 4U 0142+61

We present temporal and spectral analysis of simultaneous 0.5-79 keV Swift-XRT and NuSTAR observations of the magnetar 4U 0142+61. The pulse profile changes significantly with photon energy between 3 and 35 keV. The pulse fraction increases with energy, reaching a value of ~20%, similar to that observed in 1E 1841-045 and much lower than the ~80% pulse fraction observed in 1E 2259+586. We do not detect the 55-ks phase modulation reported in previous Suzaku-HXD observations. The phase-averaged spectrum of 4U 0142+61 above 20 keV is dominated by a hard power law with a photon index, $\Gamma$ ~ 0.65, and the spectrum below 20 keV can be described by two blackbodies, a blackbody plus a soft power law, or by a Comptonized blackbody model. We study the full phase-resolved spectra using the electron-positron outflow model of Beloborodov (2013). Our results are consistent with the parameters of the active j-bundle derived from INTEGRAL data by Hascoet et al. (2014). We find that a significant degeneracy appears in the inferred parameters if the footprint of the j-bundle is allowed to be a thin ring instead of a polar cap. The degeneracy is reduced when the footprint is required to be the hot spot inferred from the soft X-ray data.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables. Accepted for publication in Ap

Parkin-independent mitophagy controls chemotherapeutic response in cancer cells

Mitophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that selectively targets impaired mitochondria for degradation. Defects in mitophagy are often associated with diverse pathologies, including cancer. Because the main known regulators of mitophagy are frequently inactivated in cancer cells, the mechanisms that regulate mitophagy in cancer cells are not fully understood. Here, we identified an E3 ubiquitin ligase (ARIH1/HHARI) that triggers mitophagy in cancer cells in a PINK1-dependent manner. We found that ARIH1/HHARI polyubiquitinates damaged mitochondria, leading to their removal via autophagy. Importantly, ARIH1 is widely expressed in cancer cells, notably in breast and lung adenocarcinomas; ARIH1 expression protects against chemotherapy-induced death. These data challenge the view that the main regulators of mitophagy are tumor suppressors, arguing instead that ARIH1-mediated mitophagy promotes therapeutic resistance