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Make and Break Your Own Hand: A Review of Hand Anatomy and Common Injuries
Titan's past and future: 3D modeling of a pure nitrogen atmosphere and geological implications
Several clues indicate that Titan's atmosphere has been depleted in methane
during some period of its history, possibly as recently as 0.5-1 billion years
ago. It could also happen in the future. Under these conditions, the atmosphere
becomes only composed of nitrogen with a range of temperature and pressure
allowing liquid or solid nitrogen to condense. Here, we explore these exotic
climates throughout Titan's history with a 3D Global Climate Model (GCM)
including the nitrogen cycle and the radiative effect of nitrogen clouds. We
show that for the last billion years, only small polar nitrogen lakes should
have formed. Yet, before 1 Ga, a significant part of the atmosphere could have
condensed, forming deep nitrogen polar seas, which could have flowed and
flooded the equatorial regions. Alternatively, nitrogen could be frozen on the
surface like on Triton, but this would require an initial surface albedo higher
than 0.65 at 4 Ga. Such a state could be stable even today if nitrogen ice
albedo is higher than this value. According to our model, nitrogen flows and
rain may have been efficient to erode the surface. Thus, we can speculate that
a paleo-nitrogen cycle may explain the erosion and the age of Titan's surface,
and may have produced some of the present valley networks and shorelines.
Moreover, by diffusion of liquid nitrogen in the crust, a paleo-nitrogen cycle
could be responsible of the flattening of the polar regions and be at the
origin of the methane outgassing on Titan.Comment: Accepted for publication in Icarus on July 7, 201
The edge of the young Galactic disc
In this work we report and discuss the detection of two distant diffuse
stellar groups in the third Galactic quadrant. They are composed of young
stars, with spectral types ranging from late O to late B, and lie at
galactocentric distances between 15 and 20 kpc. These groups are located in the
area of two cataloged open clusters (VdB-Hagen~04 and Ruprecht~30), projected
towards the Vela-Puppis constellations, and within the core of the Canis Major
over-density. Their reddening and distance has been estimated analyzing their
color-color and color-magnitude diagrams, derived from deep photometry.
The existence of young star aggregates at such extreme distances from the
Galactic center challenges the commonly accepted scenario in which the Galactic
disc has a sharp cut-off at about 14 kpc from the Galactic center, and
indicates that it extends to much greater distances (as also supported by
recent detection of CO molecular complexes well beyond this distance). While
the groups we find in the area of Ruprecht~30 are compatible with the Orion and
Norma-Cygnus spiral arms, respectively, the distant group we identify in the
region of VdB-Hagen~4 lies in the external regions of the Norma-Cygnus arm, at
a galactocentric distance (20 kpc) where no young stars had been detected
so far in the optical.Comment: 45 pages, 11 eps figure, accepted for publication in the
Astrophysical Journa
Impact of Clear Air Act Regulations on Nitrogen Fate and Transport in the Neuse River Basin
2012 S.C. Water Resources Conference - Exploring Opportunities for Collaborative Water Research, Policy and Managemen
Tenfold Metalation of Ferrocene: Synthesis, Structures and Metallophilic Interactions in FeC10(HgX)10
The permercuration of ferrocene was achieved by reacting ferrocene with 10â
equivalents of mercury(II) butyrate Hg(O2CC3H7)2 in a facile oneâpot reaction in multiâgram scale and high yields. The butyrate groups in FeC10(HgX)10 (X=O2CC3H7) can be exchanged by treatment with trifluoroâ or trichloroacetic acid (X=O2CCF3, O2CCCl3). Substitution of the trifluoroacetate groups by halides (X=Cl, F) proceeds easily in aqueous THF. The completeness of metalation was confirmed by NMR and vibrational spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, as well as elemental analysis. Additionally, the first crystal structures of permetallated metallocenes are presented: FeC10(HgX)10 (X=Cl, O2CCF3, O2CCCl3)
Provision of pandemic disease information by health sciences librarians: a multisite comparative case series.
Objective: The research provides an understanding of pandemic information needs and informs professional development initiatives for librarians in disaster medicine. Methods: Utilizing a multisite, comparative case series design, the researchers conducted semi-structured interviews and examined supplementary materials in the form of organizational documents, correspondence, and websites to create a complete picture of each case. The rigor of the case series was ensured through data and investigator triangulation. Interview transcripts were coded using NVivo to identify common themes and points of comparison. Results: Comparison of the four cases revealed a distinct difference between âclient-initiatedâ and âlibrarian-initiatedâ provision of pandemic information. Librarian-initiated projects utilized social software to âpushâ information, whereas client-initiated projects operated within patron-determined parameters to deliver information. Health care administrators were identified as a key audience for pandemic information, and news agencies were utilized as essential information sources. Librarians\u27 skills at evaluating available information proved crucial for selecting best-quality evidence to support administrative decision making. Conclusions: Qualitative analysis resulted in increased understanding of pandemic information needs and identified best practices for disseminating information during periods of high organizational stress caused by an influx of new cases of an unknown infectious disease
Support Networks and Family Empowerment in Early Intervention
Despite the importance of empowerment and the support network of families who receive
early intervention (EI) with a family-centered approach, there is little evidence of a relationship
between these two variables and family characteristics that might influence this relationship. This
study analyzes the correlations between the perception of empowerment of the families, the family
supports used, and the socio-demographic factors of both the child and the family. The study
consisted of 44 families who received family-centered EI services. Our results show that families
mainly used formal supports, followed by informal supports, and, to a lesser extent, intermediate
supports. This indicates that families with children who receive EI preferably use the support network
based on EI programs, schools, and professionals. Along with this formal support network, primary
caregivers rely on their partners, parents, or friendsâthat is, the informal support network. Family
empowerment was not correlated with age, diagnosis, or the reason for referral to EI; on the other
hand, it was related to the supports where the families with the lowest empowerment scores were
those who made greater use of formal support over informal support. Early intervention professionals
must know, from the first encounter, the type and level of support of each family to enhance the
development of the child and promote empowerment in families.EducaciĂł
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