The effects of an education intervention program for juvenile drug abusers and their parents

The Juvenile Intervention Program represents an attempt to intervene in the development of juvenile drug dependence. The program involves the early identification of juvenile drug abusers followed by the recruitment of the juveniles and their parents into the program. The program utilizes the principles of family involvement and peer pressure throughout the program, while the basis of the program involves the education of the participants in such areas as family architecture, family communication patterns and drug knowledge. The results indicate that the program had a positive effect on the parents with no significant changes among the juveniles. It is hypothesized that the changes that have been initiated within the parents will have a positive effect on the juveniles at the 6 mth follow-up

Aspectos climáticos em áreas de transmissão de hantavirose no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil Climatic aspects in hantavirus transmission areas in São Paulo State, Brazil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a distribuição espacial dos casos notificados de hantavirose (n = 80) no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, de 1993 a 2005, e identificar os padrões climáticos locais nos anos de registro da doença. Foi utilizado o estimador de densidade de pontos de kernel que apontou maior concentração nas regiões de Ribeirão Preto, São Carlos, Franca, Tupi Paulista e Grande São Paulo. O aumento do número de casos no período sugere disseminação da doença, embora se considere o aumento da capacidade diagnóstica e maior sensibilidade do sistema de saúde. Registrou-se marcada sazonalidade da hantavirose nas áreas de cerrado, com padrão comum, isto é, maior incidência em meses com baixa pluviosidade, comparados com médias dos últimos quarenta anos. Esses períodos coincidem com épocas de maior disponibilidade de alimentos a roedores em cultura de grãos, cana e outros. A colheita e armazenamento desses grãos aumentam a exposição de populações humanas aos roedores. Indicadores climáticos em conjunto com variáveis ecológicas podem compor marcadores de risco de transmissão local a serem valorizados nas ações de vigilância epidemiológica e controle da doença.<br>The objective of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of reported hantavirus cases in São Paulo State, Brazil (n = 80), from 1993 to 2005 and identify local climatic patterns during this period. Kernel point estimation of density was used to show the highest concentrations in Ribeirão Preto, São Carlos, Franca, Tupi Paulista, and Greater São Paulo. Increase in the number of cases during this period suggests disease dissemination even when considering increased diagnostic capacity and higher sensitivity of the health services. There was a marked seasonal variation in hantavirus in the cerrado (savannah) areas; the common pattern is a higher incidence in drier months as compared to mean levels in the last 40 years. These coincide with periods of high rodent food source levels in grains, sugarcane, and other crops. Harvesting and storing grains increases human exposure to rodents. Climatic indicators together with ecological variables can be local transmission risk markers and should receive more attention in epidemiological monitoring and control of the disease

Investigating stock structure and trophic relationships among island-associated dolphins in the oceanic waters of the North Atlantic using fatty acid and stable isotope analyses

Short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) and Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis) are the two most abundant cetacean species in the oceanic waters of Madeira and the Azores. They are of similar size, occur in similar habitats and are regularly observed in mixed-species groups to forage together. Genetic analyses suggested that, within each species, dolphins ranging around both archipelagos belong to the same panmictic population. We tested the hypotheses that (1) within each species, individuals from the two archipelagos belong to a single ecological stock; (2) between species, common and spotted dolphins have distinct trophic niches; using fatty acid (FA) and stable isotope (SI) analyses. Fatty acids and stable isotopes were analysed from 86 blubber and 150 skin samples of free-ranging dolphins, respectively. Sex-related differences were not significant, except for common dolphin FA profiles. In S. frontalis, FA and SI differences between archipelagos suggested that individuals belonged to different ecological stocks, despite the existence of gene flow between the two archipelagos. In D. delphis, differences were more pronounced, but it was not possible to distinguish between stock structure and a seasonal effect, due to differential sampling periods in the Azores and Madeira. Inter-specific comparisons were restricted to the Azores where all samples were collected during summer. Differences in FA proportions, noticeably for FA of dietary origin, as well as in nitrogen SI profiles, confirmed that both species feed on distinct resources. This study emphasizes the need for an integrated approach including both genetic and biochemical analyses for stock assessment, especially in wide-ranging marine top predators