Optimization of Drilling Process Parameters on Die Steel (H13) using Carbide Coated Drill by Design of Experiment Concept

This experimental work presents the optimization of process parameter of surface roughness with using coated carbide drill on H13 steel. Taguchi design of experiments was implemented for executing the process parameter of Drilling process on H13 steel plates. The drilling parameters including 2 Factors such as spindle speed (rpm) and feed rate (mm/min) are optimized using response performance characteristic of surface roughness of H13 die steel plates.H13 steel play an important role in many applications such as Shaft, axle, gears and fasteners due to their strength to weight ratio. The process parameters of spindle speed and feed rate are influenced by machining accuracy during drilling process. The main objectives of experimental works have been identified by lower roughness during drilling process of H13 steel plates. Orthogonal array (L16) of Taguchi Design of experiments and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) are utilized to analyze the effect of drilling parameters on Quality of drilled holes. The result of experiments indicate is a dominating parameter of surface roughness of H 13 steel plates in Drilling process

Deciphering the antiviral nature of endophytic Bacillus spp. against groundnut bud necrosis virus in cowpea and tomato

Tomato, the important vegetable crop, is severely affected by Orthotospovirus arachinecrosis which impacts heavy economic losses. The application of insecticide to manage viral diseases is not an environmentally safe approach. In view of these issues, we investigated the antiviral efficacy of 21 bacterial endophytes against GBNV in local lesion host (Cowpea-VBN3). Based on the reduction in lesion number and virus titer as estimated through both DAC ELISA and qPCR in cowpea, the bacterial endophytes viz., Bacillus licheniformis Soya1, Bacillus tequilensis NBL6, and Bacillus velezensis VB7 were selected and further tested in tomato. The study revealed the well-defined antiviral efficacy of these endophytes against GBNV. The percentage of disease incidence ranged from 16 to 24% in endophyte-treated tomato plants compared with untreated plants (88%). In addition, symptom severity was reduced, and the application of endophytes also in promotion of the growth compared with untreated control. DAC ELISA revealed that the tomato plants treated with bacterial endophytes challenged with GBNV showed reduction in the virus titer (0.26–0.39 @ OD 405 nm) at different days of interval after inoculation (0, 5, and 10 days) compared with untreated control (3.475 @ OD 405 nm). Additionally, reduction in the viral copy number in bacterial endophyte-treated plants was evident by real-time PCR. Furthermore, tomato plants bacterized with endophytes depicted significant correlation and reduction in viral load and disease incidence as revealed by the principal-component biplot analysis. Thus, the application of bacterial endophytes has a potential role in reducing the disease incidence, severity, and titer value of GBNV, which will be the promising management approach in future to mitigate the virus infection in tomato plants

Crop–livestock-integrated farming system: a strategy to achieve synergy between agricultural production, nutritional security, and environmental sustainability

IntroductionClimate change, nutritional security, land shrinkage, and an increasing human population are the most concerning factors in agriculture, which are further complicated by deteriorating soil health. Among several ways to address these issues, the most prominent and cost-effective means is to adopt an integrated farming system (IFS). Integrating farming systems with livestock enables a way to increase economic yield per unit area per unit of time for farmers in small and marginal categories. This system effectively utilizes the waste materials by recycling them via linking appropriate components, thereby minimizing the pollution caused to the environment. Further integrating livestock components with crops and the production of eggs, meat, and milk leads to nutritional security and stable farmer's income generation. So, there is a dire need to develop an eco-friendly, ecologically safe, and economically profitable IFS model.MethodsAn experiment was conducted to develop a crop–livestock-based integrated farming system model for the benefit of irrigated upland farmers in the semi-arid tropics for increasing productivity, farm income, employment generation, and food and nutritional security through efficient utilization of resources in the farming system.Results and discussionThe IFS model has components, viz., crop (0.85 ha) + horticulture (0.10 ha) + 2 cattles along with 2 calves in dairy (50 m2) + 12 female goats and 1 male goat (50 m2) + 150 numbers of poultry birds (50 m2) + vermicompost (50 m2) + kitchen garden (0.02 ha) + boundary planting + supporting activities (0.01 ha) in a one-hectare area. The model recorded a higher total MEY (162.31 t), gross return (689,773), net return (317,765), and employment generation (475 mandays). Further negative emissions of −15,118 CO2-e (kg) greenhouse gases were recorded under this model. The study conclusively reveals that integration of crop, horticulture, dairy, goat, poultry, vermicompost production, kitchen garden, and boundary planting models increases the net returns, B:C ratio, employment generation, nutritional security, and livelihoods of small and marginal farmers

Convergent synthesis of new N -substituted 2-{[5-(1H -indol-3-ylmethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}acetamides as suitable therapeutic agents

abstract A series of N-substituted 2-{[5-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}acetamides (8a-w) was synthesized in three steps. The first step involved the sequential conversion of 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetic acid (1) to ester (2) followed by hydrazide (3) formation and finally cyclization in the presence of CS2 and alcoholic KOH yielded 5-(1H-indole-3-yl-methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol (4). In the second step, aryl/aralkyl amines (5a-w) were reacted with 2-bromoacetyl bromide (6) in basic medium to yield 2-bromo-N-substituted acetamides (7a-w). In the third step, these electrophiles (7a-w) were reacted with 4 to afford the target compounds (8a-w). Structural elucidation of all the synthesized derivatives was done by 1H-NMR, IR and EI-MS spectral techniques. Moreover, they were screened for antibacterial and hemolytic activity. Enzyme inhibition activity was well supported by molecular docking results, for example, compound 8q exhibited better inhibitory potential against α-glucosidase, while 8g and 8b exhibited comparatively better inhibition against butyrylcholinesterase and lipoxygenase, respectively. Similarly, compounds 8b and 8c showed very good antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi, which was very close to that of ciprofloxacin, a standard antibiotic used in this study. 8c and 8l also showed very good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus as well. Almost all compounds showed very slight hemolytic activity, where 8p exhibited the least. Therefore, the molecules synthesized may have utility as suitable therapeutic agents

Note on generalized topological spaces with hereditary classes

In this paper, we extend the study of $\Psi_\mathcal{H}$ operator  introduced and studied in [5] and rectify the errors in the paper. Moreover, characterizations of $\mu-$codense and strongly $\mu-$codense hereditary classes in generalized topological spaces are also given

Identification and characterization of Tobacco streak virus, as a new causative agent of necrosis disease of Anthurium

194-200Tobacco streak virus (TSV) was detected from Anthurium samples collected from Anthurium variety Medioria Red from College of Horticulture, Bangalore, India grown under polyhouse cultivation. Sap inoculation of the samples expressing positive reaction through direct antigen coating-enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (DAC-ELISA) produced both localized and systemic infection. The localized infection produced circular necrotic lesions on the leaves of cowpea cv. C152 plants. The samples were also confirmed through dot blot immunibinding assay (DIBA), which showed positive reaction by producing circular, purple coloured spot against TSV specific antibody. Further molecular characterization of TSV through RT-PCR with coat protein gene specific primers produced amplicon size of 929 bp pertaining to RNA3 region. The basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) analysis of coat protein gene through National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database had nucleotide and amino acid sequence similarity of 97.6 to 98.8 % and 94.9 to 97.4 %, respectively with known strains of TSV from India. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences Confirmed the Anthurium strain of TSV forms single subgroup with other crop of Indian isolates. This study provides important clues about spread of TSV. To the best of our knowledge it is the first detailed study of TSV infecting Anthurium

Impact of Soil Biological Parameters on Soil Health in the Intensively Cultivated Deltaic Inceptisol of Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu

An experiment was conducted during 2021-22 at Agricultural Research Station, Kattuthottam, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu to identify the impact of biological parameters on different cropping sequences. Three soil samples were randomly taken from each replication of every treatment making a total of 90 samples in each season from different cropping sequences during active vegetative stage. The size of each plot is 40m2. Samples were analysed for soil biological parameters viz., Urease, Acid phosphatase, Dehydrogenase, Soil microbial count (Bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) and Microbial Biomass Carbon. Different cropping sequences showed their effect as variations in soil biological properties. The cropping sequence T4, sunhemp-rice+dhaincha (10:1)-green gram showed more biological activity with urease activity of 40.6 NH4+ µg/g/h, acid phosphatase activity of 43.1 P-NP µg/g/h, dehydrogenase activity (137.9 TPF µg/g/day), microbial biomass carbon value (307 mg kg-1), bacterial count (55.6 cfu g-1 soil), fungal count (23.5 cfu g-1 soil) and actinomycetes count (41.2 cfu g-1 soil). Rice-rice-sesame sequence was observed to have less biological activity than other cropping sequences