Comportamento sedent?rio de adolescentes da regi?o metropolitana de Belo Horizonte e sua associa??o com caracter?sticas individuais e da vizinhan?a - Estudo Sa?de Urbana em Vespasiano.

Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Sa?de e Nutri??o. Escola de Nutri??o, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto.Introdu??o: O ritmo acelerado de urbaniza??o tem ocasionado mudan?as no modo de vida das pessoas e, consequentemente, nas condi??es de sa?de das popula??es e seus determinantes. Assume-se que, al?m das caracter?sticas individuais, tamb?m as caracter?sticas do local de resid?ncia, ou seja, do ambiente f?sico e social da vizinhan?a, contribuem no entendimento de h?bitos que interferem na sa?de, a exemplo, o comportamento sedent?rio. O comportamento sedent?rio contempla atividades com gasto energ?tico ? 1,5 equivalentes metab?licos, realizadas quando o indiv?duo est? acordado em postura sentada ou reclinada. Objetivos: Avaliar a associa??o entre comportamento sedent?rio em adolescentes (11 a 17 anos) vivendo em uma ?rea urbana e caracter?sticas individuais e relacionadas ? percep??o do ambiente f?sico e social da vizinhan?a. M?todos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, aninhado ao ?Estudo Sa?de Urbana em Vespasiano?, inqu?rito domiciliar de base populacional realizado no munic?pio de Vespasiano, Minas Gerais, em 2015-2016. Foi feita amostragem probabil?stica, contemplando tr?s est?gios de sele??o: setores censit?rios; domic?lios; e cotas proporcionais para a popula??o adulta. No domic?lio do adulto entrevistado, todos os adolescentes foram convidados para participar da pesquisa. O desfecho, comportamento sedent?rio, foi autorrelatado pelo adolescente e mensurado por meio do tempo de exposi??o a telas (televis?o, computador e v?deo game) superior a duas horas por dia. A associa??o do comportamento sedent?rio com vari?veis da percep??o do adulto sobre o ambiente f?sico e social da vizinhan?a, caracter?sticas sociodemogr?ficas, estilo de vida, comportamentos de risco e sa?de foi estimada pela regress?o de Poisson com vari?ncia robusta. Quatro modelos distintos foram propostos para entender a influ?ncia das vari?veis da vizinhan?a. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 374 adolescentes, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 11 a 17 anos. A preval?ncia de comportamento sedent?rio foi 74,6%. Maior tempo de tela foi associado ? presen?a de ?rvores que deixam o ambiente agrad?vel, mesmo ap?s o ajuste pelas caracter?sticas individuais (RP = 1,10; IC90%: 1,01-1,21). A combina??o da aus?ncia de ?rvores que deixam o ambiente agrad?vel e aus?ncia de seguran?a para caminhar durante o dia associou-se ? exposi??o maior que duas horas por dia de comportamento sedent?rio, mesmo ap?s ajuste das caracter?sticas individuais (RP = 1,13; IC90%: 1,01-1,27). Os dom?nios sociodemogr?fico, estilo de vida e comportamentos de risco foram associados com maior tempo de tela. Conclus?o: O estudo evidenciou elevada preval?ncia de tempo de tela entre os adolescentes e que caracter?sticas individuais e da vizinhan?a foram associadas. Esses resultados sugerem que tanto a??es no n?vel individual quanto do contexto, ou seja, do ambiente f?sico e social da vizinhan?a, devem ser consideradas no estudo sobre comportamento sedent?rio entre adolescentes de ?reas urbanas.Introduction: The rapid pace of urbanization has brought changes in people's way of life and, consequently, changes in the populations? health conditions and their determinants. It is assumed that, besides individual attributes, also characteristics of the place of residence, that is, of the physical and social environment of the neighborhood, contribute to the understanding of habits that interfere with health, for example, sedentary behavior. Sedentary behavior includes activities with energy expenditure ?1.5 metabolic equivalents, when the individual is awake in a sitting or reclining posture. Objectives: To evaluate the association between sedentary behavior in adolescents (11 to 17 years old) living in an urban area and individual attributes and characteristics related to perceived physical and social environment of the neighborhood. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study nested to "Vespasiano Urban Health Study", a population-based household survey conducted in Vespasiano, Minas Gerais, in 2015-2016. Probabilistic sampling was carried out, considering three stages of selection: census tracts; households; and proportional shares for the adult population. At the adult household interviewed, all adolescents were invited to participate in the research. The outcome, sedentary behavior, was self-reported by the adolescent and measured by time of exposure (television, computer and video game) over two hours per day. The association of the sedentary behavior with adult perceptions about the physical and social environment of the neighborhood, sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, behavior risk, and health variables was estimated by Poisson regression with robust variance. Results: A total of 374 adolescents of both sexes, between the ages of 11 and 17 participated in the study. The prevalence of screen time was 74.6%. Longer screen time has been associated with the presence of trees that leave the environment pleasant, even after adjusting the individual characteristics (PR = 1.10; 90% 90%CI: 1.01-1.21). The combination of the absence of trees that leave the environment pleasant and lack of safety to walk during the day was associated with exposure of more than two hours per day of sedentary behavior, even after adjustment of the individual characteristics (PR = 1.13; 90%CI: 1.01-1.27). Sociodemographic, lifestyle and risk behaviors domains were associated with more screen time. Conclusion: The study evidenced a high prevalence of screen time among the adolescents and that individual and neighborhood characteristics were associated to sedentary behavior. These results suggest that both individual and contextual actions, that is, the physical and social environment of the neighborhood, should be considered in the study on sedentary behavior among adolescents living in urban areas

Temperature responses of Rubisco from Paniceae grasses provide opportunities for improving C3 photosynthesis.

Enhancing the catalytic properties of the CO2-fixing enzyme Rubisco is a target for improving agricultural crop productivity. Here, we reveal extensive diversity in the kinetic response between 10 and 37 °C by Rubisco from C3 and C4 species within the grass tribe Paniceae. The CO2 fixation rate (kcatc) for Rubisco from the C4 grasses with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) phosphate malic enzyme (NADP-ME) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK) photosynthetic pathways was twofold greater than the kcatc of Rubisco from NAD-ME species across all temperatures. The declining response of CO2/O2 specificity with increasing temperature was less pronounced for PCK and NADP-ME Rubisco, which would be advantageous in warmer climates relative to the NAD-ME grasses. Modelled variation in the temperature kinetics of Paniceae C3 Rubisco and PCK Rubisco differentially stimulated C3 photosynthesis relative to tobacco above and below 25 °C under current and elevated CO2. Amino acid substitutions in the large subunit that could account for the catalytic variation among Paniceae Rubisco are identified; however, incompatibilities with Paniceae Rubisco biogenesis in tobacco hindered their mutagenic testing by chloroplast transformation. Circumventing these bioengineering limitations is critical to tailoring the properties of crop Rubisco to suit future climates

Africa and the global carbon cycle

The African continent has a large and growing role in the global carbon cycle, with potentially important climate change implications. However, the sparse observation network in and around the African continent means that Africa is one of the weakest links in our understanding of the global carbon cycle. Here, we combine data from regional and global inventories as well as forward and inverse model analyses to appraise what is known about Africa's continental-scale carbon dynamics. With low fossil emissions and productivity that largely compensates respiration, land conversion is Africa's primary net carbon release, much of it through burning of forests. Savanna fire emissions, though large, represent a short-term source that is offset by ensuing regrowth. While current data suggest a near zero decadal-scale carbon balance, interannual climate fluctuations (especially drought) induce sizeable variability in net ecosystem productivity and savanna fire emissions such that Africa is a major source of interannual variability in global atmospheric CO(2). Considering the continent's sizeable carbon stocks, their seemingly high vulnerability to anticipated climate and land use change, as well as growing populations and industrialization, Africa's carbon emissions and their interannual variability are likely to undergo substantial increases through the 21st century

IL-1β Is Upregulated in the Diabetic Retina and Retinal Vessels: Cell-Specific Effect of High Glucose and IL-1β Autostimulation

Many molecular and cellular abnormalities detected in the diabetic retina support a role for IL-1β-driven neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. IL-1β is well known for its role in the induction and, through autostimulation, amplification of neuroinflammation. Upregulation of IL-1β has been consistently detected in the diabetic retina; however, the mechanisms and cellular source of IL-1β overexpression are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high glucose and IL-1β itself on IL-1β expression in microglial, macroglial (astrocytes and Müller cells) and retinal vascular endothelial cells; and to study the effect of diabetes on the expression of IL-1β in isolated retinal vessels and on the temporal pattern of IL-1β upregulation and glial reactivity in the retina of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. IL-1β was quantified by RealTime RT-PCR and ELISA, glial fibrillar acidic protein, α2-macroglobulin, and ceruloplasmin by immunoblotting. We found that high glucose induced a 3-fold increase of IL-1β expression in retinal endothelial cells but not in macroglia and microglia. IL-1β induced its own synthesis in endothelial and macroglial cells but not in microglia. In retinal endothelial cells, the high glucose-induced IL-1β overexpression was prevented by calphostin C, a protein kinase C inhibitor. The retinal vessels of diabetic rats showed increased IL-1β expression as compared to non-diabetic rats. Retinal expression of IL-1β increased early after the induction of diabetes, continued to increase with progression of the disease, and was temporally associated with upregulation of markers of glial activation. These findings point to hyperglycemia as the trigger and to the endothelium as the origin of the initial retinal upregulation of IL-1β in diabetes; and to IL-1β itself, via autostimulation in endothelial and macroglial cells, as the mechanism of sustained IL-1β overexpression. Interrupting the vicious circle triggered by IL-1β autostimulation could limit the progression of diabetic retinopathy

Men's Experiences of the UK Criminal Justice System Following Female-Perpetrated Intimate Partner Violence

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York The current study aimed to explore men’s experience of the UK Criminal Justice System (CJS) following female-perpetrated intimate partner violence (IPV). Unstructured face-to-face and Skype interviews were conducted with six men aged between 40–65 years. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Due to the method of analysis and the sensitive nature of the research, the researcher engaged in a process of reflexivity. Four main themes were identified, including ‘Guilty until Proven Innocent: Victim Cast as Perpetrator;’ ‘Masculine Identity;’ ‘Psychological Impact’ and ‘Light at the End of the Tunnel.’ Themes were discussed and illustrated with direct quotes drawn from the transcripts. Directions for future research, criminal justice interventions, and therapeutic interventions were discussed