59 research outputs found
Reliability of U.S.D.A. beef carcass yield grades in reflecting differences in retail yields
Retail cut-out and U.S.D.A. yield grade data were obtained on 1,121 carcasses of steers from Hereford and Angus dams mated artificially to Hereford, Angus, Jersey, Limousin, South Devon, Simmental and Charolais bulls. Calves were weaned when approximately 215 days old, conditioned 28 days, fed an average of 218 days after weaning before being slaughtered in a commercial slaughter plant. Carcass cooler data were obtained and the right side of each carcass was cut into closely trimmed, essentially boneless retail cuts at the KSU food service building. Beef yield grades do reflect definite differences in retail yields. Statistical tests indicated less than one chance in 1,000 that such differences occurred by chance and that the yield grade differences were real. The average difference in retail product percentage between yield grades was 4.6 percent. The average difference in fat trim percentage was 5.6 percent. For 700-pound carcasses, that\u27s a difference of 39.2 pounds of waste fat, or 32.2 pounds of retail product. The difference in bone percentage would account for the other 7 pounds
Of Research reviews and practice guides: Translating rapidly growing research on adolescent literacy into updated practice recommendations.
The demand for evidence-based instructional practices has driven a large
supply of research on adolescent literacy. Documenting this supply, Baye,
Inns, Lake, and Slavinâs 2019 article in Reading Research Quarterly synthesized
far more studies, with far more rigorous methodology, than had ever
been collected before. What does this mean for practice? Inspired by this article,
I investigated how this synthesis compared with the 2008 U.S. Institute of
Education Sciences practice guide for adolescent literacy. I also include two
contemporary documents for context: Herrera, Truckenmiller, and Foormanâs
(2016) review and the U.K. Education Endowment Foundationâs 2019 practice
guide for secondary schools. I first examine how these documents define
adolescent, reading, and evidence, and propose more inclusive definitions. I
then compare their respective evidence bases, finding that the quality and
quantity of evidence have dramatically changed. Only one of the 34 studies in
the 2008 U.S. practice guide met Baye et al.âs inclusion criteria in 2019, and
the average sample size in Baye et al.âs studies was 22 times as large as those
in the 2008 U.S. practice guide. I also examine the potential implications for
a new practice guideâs instructional recommendations and comment on the
expansion of research in technology, disciplinary literacy, and writingâtopics
scarcely covered in the 2008 U.S. practice guide but which have been extensively
researched since then. Finally, I call for revision of the U.S. practice
guide and the establishment of standing committees on adolescent literacy to
help educators translate the latest research findings into updated practices
Early weaning in Northern Great Plains beef cattle production systems: II. Development of replacement heifers weaned at 80 or 215d of age
Formal System Processing of Juveniles: Effects on Delinquency
Justice practitioners have tremendous discretion on how to handle juvenile
offenders. Police officers, district attorneys, juvenile court intake officers, juvenile
and family court judges, and other officials can decide whether the juvenile should
be âofficially processedâ by the juvenile justice system, diverted from the system to a
program, counseling or some other services, or to do nothing at all (release the
juvenile altogether). An important policy question is which strategy leads to the best
outcomes for juveniles. This is an important question in the United States, but many
other nations are concerned with the decision to formally process or divert juvenile
offenders. There have been a number of randomized experiments in the juvenile
courts that have examined the impact of juvenile system processing that should be
gathered together in a systematic fashion to provide rigorous evidence about the
impact of this decision on subsequent offending by juveniles. Our objective is to answer the question: Does juvenile system processing reduce
subsequent delinquency? Based on the evidence presented in this report, juvenile system processing appears
to not have a crime control effect, and across all measures appears to increase
delinquency. This was true across measures of prevalence, incidence, severity, and
self-report. Given the additional financial costs associated with system processing
(especially when compared to doing nothing) and the lack of evidence for any public
safety benefit, jurisdictions should review their policies regarding the handling of
juveniles
Culture, Burnout, and Engagement: A Meta-Analysis on National Cultural Values as Moderators in JD-R Theory
Despite prominence and increasing application of the Job DemandsâResources (JDâR) theory across national contexts, the role of culture has not yet been systematically explored. We conducted a metaâanalysis of 132 independent samples from 120 studies across 5 global regions (total N = 101,073) to fill this void. Our paper responds to longâstanding concerns around neglecting differences in the relationships of workplace factors with burnout and engagement across national cultures by testing for a moderating role within JDâR theory. Results suggest strong support for the direct job demandsâburnout and job resourcesâengagement pathways. Regarding the role of culture, our study reveals moderating roles for five out of six cultural dimensions using Hofstedeâs framework. Interestingly, these cultural dimensions present a moderating impact towards relationships with either job demands or job resources, yet not both. Our findings offer a valuable starting point for further theoretical developments that can impact international business and global mobility. While these insights suggest a role of national cultural context in JDâR studies, sensitivity analyses showed that the findings were only partly stable
Early weaning in Northern Great Plains beef cattle production systems: I. Performance and reproductive response in range beef cows
A study was conducted to determine if early weaning spring born calves can be an alternative management strategy during drought and if early weaning facilitates rebreeding of young cows. Our objectives were to determine effects of early weaning at the start of breeding on cow body weight, body condition score, and reproductive performance with or without estrous synchronization and AI in two herds in the Northern Great Plains, USA. In Exp.1and 2, crossbred cows were stratified within cow age by postpartum interval, and calf sex, and were assigned within strata to one of two weaning treatments at the start of breeding when calves averaged 80-d of age: (1) early weaned (permanent calf removal); or (2) no weaning (calves suckled cows until normal weaning approximately 210-d of age). Cows in Exp.1 were exposed to natural service whereas cows in Exp.2 were exposed to estrous synchronization for AI using a CIDR for 7 d with GnRH at CIDR insertion and PGF2α at CIDR removal followed by natural service. In Exp.3, cows were stratified within breed by age, postpartum interval, calf sex, and AI sire and were assigned within strata to one of two weaning treatments at the start of breeding, as described for Exp.1and 2. Estrous cycles of all cows were synchronized for AI using one of two protocols including 14 d CIDR + PGF2α 16 d following CIDR removal (primiparous cows) or a CIDR insert for 7 d with GnRH at CIDR insertion and PGF2α at CIDR removal (multiparous cows). Cows in Exp.2 and 3 were bred by AI approximately 12 h after observation of estrus or by timed AI at 80 h after PGF2α concurrent administration of GnRH. Artificial insemination (Exp.2), breeding season pregnancy rate, and day of conception was not influenced (P\u3e0.10) by weaning treatment for Exp.1and 2. However, early weaned cows in Exp.3 had 12.0% greater (P=0.03) AI pregnancy rates and conception occurred 3.78 d earlier (P=0.03) than normal weaned cows. At the time of normal weaning, cows that had their calves removed at early weaning were heavier and had greater body condition (P\u3c0.01)than normal weaned cows in each experiment. We conclude that early-weaning beef cows at the start of the breeding season improved BW gain and BCS allowing those females to enter winter in greater BCS then NW cows, but improvements in reproductive performance were inconsistent
Early weaning in Northern Great Plains beef cattle production systems: II. Development of replacement heifers weaned at 80 or 215 d of age
Studies were conducted to evaluate effects of weaning and subsequent heifer development treatments within two herds located in the Northern Great Plains, USA. Heifer calves from predominantly Angus x Hereford dams were stratified within damage and calving date (Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory (LARRL), Miles City, MT, USA; n=328) and randomly assigned within study and strata to one of three weaning treatments. Heifer calves from Angus and Angus x Simmental dams (n=167; Judith Gap (JG),MT,USA) were stratified within breed group by age, calving date, and AI sire. Heifer calves either remained with their dams until time of normal weaning (NW; approximately 213 d of age) or were early weaned (approximately 80 d of age) on to one of two early weaning (EW) diets. Heifer calves assigned to EW treatments received one of the following diets: (1)17.5% CP (69% RDP and 7.53 MJ/kg NEm or (2) 17.5% CP (57% RDP and 7.69MJ/kg NEm). At the time of normal weaning, heifers from LARRL (2005 and 2006) were further divided into two heifer development (HD) diet treatments that differed only in proportion of RDP: (1) 12.5% CP (83% RDP and 6.28MJ/kg NEm); or (2) 12.5% CP (72% RDP and 6.28MJ/kg NEm). Heifers from JG were fed a common heifer development diet. Heifer BW at time of normal weaning revealed that EW heifers were heavier, regardless of type of protein delivered by EW treatments (P\u3c0.10). Heifer BW at the end of the development period was greater for EW heifers at LARRL (P\u3c0.01) and similar for JG heifers (P=0.35) regardless of weaning treatment. Heifers at LARRL that received EW treatments had a greater percentage pubertal (P\u3c0.06) from 39 to 2 d before breeding compared to NW heifers. Pregnancy rates were not influenced by early weaning or heifer development treatments at LARRL (P\u3e0.05); however, a greater percentage of EW heifers became pregnant throughout the breeding season at JG (P=0.03). These experiments demonstrate early weaning is a viable option to develop and breed heifers in extensive beef production systems in the Northern Great Plains, USA. When production may be jeopardized by environmental conditions (e.g., drought), early weaning calves will not impair a heifers opportunity to be retained as replacement females as early weaned heifers have similar or greater reproductive success than heifers that are normal weaned
Performance and carcass characteristics of three groups of crossbred steers fed to the same energy efficiency endpoint
Sixteen Maine Anjou and 16 Gelbvieh steer calves from Angus or Hereford crossbred dams, and 16 Hereford x Angus crossbred steers were fed the same ration in individual pens until they reached a weekly energy efficiency endpoint of 10.3 lb. of feed per pound of gain above their maintenance requirements
Reliability of U.S.D.A. beef carcass yield grades in reflecting differences in retail yields
1776-1976 "Buffalo to Beef" is known as Cattlemenâs Day, 1976Retail cut-out and U.S.D.A. yield grade data were obtained on 1,121
carcasses of steers from Hereford and Angus dams mated artificially to
Hereford, Angus, Jersey, Limousin, South Devon, Simmental and Charolais
bulls. Calves were weaned when approximately 215 days old, conditioned
28 days, fed an average of 218 days after weaning before being slaughtered
in a commercial slaughter plant. Carcass cooler data were obtained and
the right side of each carcass was cut into closely trimmed, essentially
boneless retail cuts at the KSU food service building.
Beef yield grades do reflect definite differences in retail yields.
Statistical tests indicated less than one chance in 1,000 that such differences
occurred by chance and that the yield grade differences were
real.
The average difference in retail product percentage between yield
grades was 4.6 percent. The average difference in fat trim percentage
was 5.6 percent. For 700-pound carcasses, that's a difference of 39.2
pounds of waste fat, or 32.2 pounds of retail product. The difference in
bone percentage would account for the other 7 pounds
Early weaning in Northern Great Plains beef cattle production systems: III. Steer weaning, finishing and carcass characteristics
Studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of early weaning steer calves on BW gain, feedlot performance, and carcass characteristics in two herds located in the Northern Great Plains, USA. Steer calves from predominantly Angus x Hereford dams were stratified within damage and calving date (Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory (LARRL), Miles City, MT, USA; n=354)and randomly assigned to one of three weaning treatments. In addition, steer calves from Angus and Angus x Simmental dams (n=200; Judith Gap (JG), MT, USA) were stratified within breed group by age, calving date, and AI sire. Steer calves either remained with their dams until normal weaning (NW) at approximately 213-d of age or were early weaned at approximately 80-d of age on to one of two early weaning (EW) diets. Steer calves assigned to EW treatments received one of the following diets: (1)17.5% CP (69% RDP and 7.53 MJ/kg NEm); or (2)17.5% CP (57% RDP and 7.69MJ/kg NEm). At time of normal weaning all LARRL steers were gathered and brought into pens at LARRL and held for 22 (2005) or 28-d (2006) before being sold to a commercial feedlot. Sire-identified steers from JG were sent to the University of Illinois for a finishing trial following a 28-d holding period. Steers that were EW were heavier (PPP=0.79) regardless of weaning treatment whereas sire-identified JG steers that received EW treatment were harvested at a younger age (PP=0.05; upper 2/3 choice or better) than NW treated steers (
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