Actual and Shadow Prices in Linear Programming. ESRI Memorandum Series No. 74 1970

There is some confusion in the literature as to the meaning of shadow prices in linear programming. This note is an attempt at clarification. In general (except for here calling it the objective function instead of preference!) we follow Geary and McCarthy (1964), usually with indication of page but with a slight but obvious change in notation. We place ourselves at the start in the simplest conceivable situation economically and mathematically (the latter in postulating that in the Primal the problem is one of maximum the constraint vector b having all elements positive and all constraint potential inequalities, i. e. all with sign "<" and no "=", which is complicating

Experimental Control and Characterization of Autophagy in Drosophila

Insects such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, which fundamentally reorganize their body plan during metamorphosis, make extensive use of autophagy for their normal development and physiology. In the fruit fly, the hepatic/adipose organ known as the fat body accumulates nutrient stores during the larval feeding stage. Upon entering metamorphosis, as well as in response to starvation, these nutrients are mobilized through a massive induction of autophagy, providing support to other tissues and organs during periods of nutrient deprivation. High levels of autophagy are also observed in larval tissues destined for elimination, such as the salivary glands and larval gut. Drosophila is emerging as an important system for studying the functions and regulation of autophagy in an in vivo setting. In this chapter we describe reagents and methods for monitoring autophagy in Drosophila, focusing on the larval fat body. We also describe methods for experimentally activating and inhibiting autophagy in this system and discuss the potential for genetic analysis in Drosophila to identify novel genes involved in autophagy

Midpoint ratings on personal constructs : constriction or the middle way?

Original article can be found at: http://www.informaworld.com/ Copyright Taylor and FrancisMidpoint ratings of elements on personal constructs have been given various interpretations, and the placement of the ideal self at the midpoint of a construct has been viewed as violating Kelly's (1955) dichotomy and choice corollaries. This article reports analyses, using a mixed models approach, of repertory grids completed by 80 clients referred to a clinical psychology service at up to five assessment points both pre- and posttherapy. A larger than expected number of ideal self ratings at the midpoint was found, and consideration of the content of several of the constructs concerned elucidated why it might have been that neither pole was preferred. Midpoint ratings of the ideal self increased over the course of therapy and were not associated with depression or anxiety. Midpoint ratings of the ideal self and self now were also related to various structural measures of construing. Theoretical and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio

Discovery of an Eo-Meso-Neoarchean Terrane in the East Greenland Caledonides

tThis study investigates basement gneisses from the Niggli Spids thrust sheet of the East Greenland Caledonides in an attempt to place them into the broader context of the Archean–Paleoproterozoicarchitecture of the Greenland shield. Our combined whole-rock geochemical and U–Pb zircon geochronol-ogy results from Gåseland reveal an Archean terrane defined by TTG magmatic events at 3607 Ma and3070–2980 Ma followed by metamorphism and high-K granite intrusion at 2790–2677 Ma. These results identify a relatively pristine Archean terrane with previously unknown Eoarchean rocks that holds poten-tial for future investigations into the early evolution of continental crust, and adds to a growing body of data characterizing the Archean–Paleoproterozoic architecture of East Greenland

Baseline geochemistry of Devonian low-grade metasedimentary rocks in Cornwall: preliminary data and environmental significance.

Geochemical baseline data provide information on the state of the environment before modification by mining and other anthropogenic activities. A summary of the analyses of 41 elements on 100 samples from Devonian metasedimentary rocks away from areas of mineralization and granite intrusions in Cornwall are presented. The data show a remarkable consistency. Differences in major elements can be related largely to changes in mineral proportion expected from grain size variations within the sedimentary rocks. The trace element data indicate that similar types of sediment accumulated in the Gramscatho, Looe and Trevone basins and that subsequent metamorphism has not significantly re-distributed elements. Compared with an average UK Lower Palaeozoic shale and the North American Shale Composite, the Devonian metasedimentary rocks of Cornwall appear to be marginally depleted in many trace elements. Values for As, Ni and Cr frequently exceed published soil guideline values, especially in mudstones, which brings into question the issue of the identification of land, which is considered to be polluted

Detrital zircon geochronology and evolution of the Nacimiento block late Mesozoic forearc basin, central California coast

Forearc basins are first-order products of convergent-margin tectonics, and their sedimentary deposits offer unique perspectives on coeval evolution of adjacent arcs and subduction complexes. New detrital zircon U-Pb geochronologic data from 23 sandstones and 11 individual conglomerate clasts sampled from forearc basin strata of the Nacimiento block, an enigmatic stretch of the Cordilleran forearc exposed along the central California coast, place constraints on models for forearc deformation during evolution of the archetypical Cordilleran Mesozoic margin. Deposition and provenance of the Nacimiento forearc developed in three stages: (1) Late Jurassic– Valanginian deposition of lower Nacimiento forearc strata with zircon derived from the Jurassic–Early Cretaceous arc mixed with zircon recycled from Neoproterozoic– Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary sources typical of the continental interior; (2) erosion or depositional hiatus from ca. 135 to 110 Ma; and (3) Albian–Santonian deposition of upper Nacimiento forearc strata with zircon derived primarily from the Late Cretaceous arc, accompanied by Middle Jurassic zircon during the late Albian–Cenomanian. These data are most consistent with sedimentary source terranes and a paleogeographic origin for the Nacimiento block south of the southern San Joaquin Basin in southern California or northernmost Mexico. This interpreted paleogeographic and depositional history of the Nacimiento block has several implications for the tectonic evolution of the southern California Mesozoic margin. First, the Nacimiento forearc depositional history places new timing constraints on the Early Cretaceous unconformity found in forearc basin strata from the San Joaquin Valley to Baja California. This timing constraint suggests a model in which forearc basin accommodation space was controlled by accretionary growth of the adjacent subduction complex, and where tectonic events in the forearc and the arc were linked through sediment supply rather than through orogenic-scale wedge dynamics. Second, a paleogeographic origin for the Nacimiento forearc south of the southern San Joaquin Valley places new constraints on end-member models for the kinematic evolution of the Sur-Nacimiento fault. Although this new paleogeographic reconstruction cannot distinguish between sinistral strike-slip and thrust models, it requires revision of existing sinistral-slip models for the Sur-Nacimiento fault, and it highlights unresolved problems with the thrust model

Intra- and interspecies interactions between prion proteins and effects of mutations and polymorphisms

Recently, crystallization of the prion protein in a dimeric form was reported. Here we show that native soluble homogenous FLAG-tagged prion proteins from hamster, man and cattle expressed in the baculovirus system are predominantly dimeric. The PrP/PrP interaction was confirmed in Semliki Forest virus-RNA transfected BHK cells co-expressing FLAG- and oligohistidine-tagged human PrP. The yeast two-hybrid system identified the octarepeat region and the C-terminal structured domain (aa90-aa230) of PrP as PrP/PrP interaction domains. Additional octarepeats identified in patients suffering from fCJD reduced (wtPrP versus PrP+90R) and completely abolished (PrP+90R versus PrP+90R) the PrP/PrP interaction in the yeast two-hybrid system. In contrast, the Met/Val polymorphism (aa129), the GSS mutation Pro102Leu and the FFI mutation Asp178Asn did not affect PrP/PrP interactions. Proof of interactions between human or sheep and bovine PrP, and sheep and human PrP, as well as lack of interactions between human or bovine PrP and hamster PrP suggest that interspecies PrP interaction studies in the yeast two-hybrid system may serve as a rapid pre-assay to investigate species barriers in prion diseases

Transitions to Proton States in the 90-Zr(p,p') Reaction at 160 MeV

This work was supported by National Science Foundation Grant PHY 76-84033 and Indiana Universit

Spin-Orbit Effects on the Shapes of Cross Sections in the 90-Zr(p,p') Reaction at 160 MeV

This work was supported by National Science Foundation Grants PHY 76-84033A01, PHY 78-22774, and Indiana Universit

Excitation of Neutron, Proton and Neutron-Hole States in the (p,p') Reaction at 160 MeV and 96 MeV

This work was supported by National Science Foundation Grant PHY 76-84033 and Indiana Universit