Stress distribution of faceted particles in a silo after its partial discharge

We present experimental and numerical results of the effect that a partial discharge has on the morphological and micro-mechanical properties of non-spherical, convex particles in a silo. The comparison of the particle orientation after filling the silo and its subsequent partial discharge reveals important shearinduced orientation, which affects stress propagation. For elongated particles, the flow induces an increase in the packing disorder which leads to a reduction of the vertical stress propagation developed during the deposit generated prior to the partial discharge. For square particles, the flow favors particle alignment with the lateral walls promoting a behavior opposite to the one of the elongated particles: vertical force transmission, parallel to gravity, is induced. Hence, for elongated particles the flow developed during the partial discharge of the silo leads to force saturation with depth whereas for squares the flow induces hindering of the force saturation observed during the silo filling

Stress distribution of faceted particles in a silo after its partial discharge

We present experimental and numerical results of the effect that a partial discharge has on the morphological and micro-mechanical properties of non-spherical, convex particles in a silo. The comparison of the particle orientation after filling the silo and its subsequent partial discharge reveals important shearinduced orientation, which affects stress propagation. For elongated particles, the flow induces an increase in the packing disorder which leads to a reduction of the vertical stress propagation developed during the deposit generated prior to the partial discharge. For square particles, the flow favors particle alignment with the lateral walls promoting a behavior opposite to the one of the elongated particles: vertical force transmission, parallel to gravity, is induced. Hence, for elongated particles the flow developed during the partial discharge of the silo leads to force saturation with depth whereas for squares the flow induces hindering of the force saturation observed during the silo filling

Erosividade e características hidrológicas das chuvas de Rio Grande (RS) Erosivity and hydrological characteristics of rainfalls in Rio Grande (RS, Brazil)

As características específicas das chuvas variam entre regiões, e o conhecimento da sua potencialidade em causar erosão é necessário para planejar atividades agrícolas e de engenharia civil. Para a localidade de Rio Grande (RS), foi determinada a erosividade e sua relação com a precipitação e o coeficiente de chuva, os padrões hidrológicos e o período de retorno das chuvas. Utilizaram-se dados pluviográficos de 23 anos de Rio Grande. Para cada chuva erosiva, foram separados os segmentos do pluviograma com a mesma intensidade e registrados os dados em planilha. Com o programa Chuveros foram calculados a erosividade mensal, anual e média pelo índice EI30 no Sistema Internacional de Unidades e os padrões hidrológicos das chuvas. Os valores médios mensais da precipitação e do índice de erosividade foram expressos como percentagens do valor médio anual da precipitação e do índice de erosividade, respectivamente, a fim de obter a curva de distribuição acumulada da precipitação e do índice de erosividade em função do tempo. O coeficiente de chuva (Rc) foi calculado. Foram realizadas correlações de Pearson e regressões lineares simples entre o índice de erosividade EI30 e os valores médios anuais de precipitação e de coeficiente de chuva. O período de retorno foi calculado para 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 e 100 anos. O valor médio anual da erosividade das chuvas com base no índice EI30 para o Rio Grande foi de 5.135 MJ mm ha-1 h-1, valor que representa o Fator "R" da Equação Universal de Perdas de Solo (USLE). As equações de regressão entre EI30 e precipitação e coeficiente de chuva não foram significativas. Em relação ao total das chuvas, 32,6 % do número e 99,3 % do volume foram erosivos. Do número total das chuvas erosivas, 45,6 % foram do padrão hidrológico avançado, 25,6 % do intermediário e 28,7 % do atrasado, ao passo que, do volume total das chuvas erosivas, 47,8 % foram do padrão avançado, 28,0 % do intermediário e 24,2 % do atrasado. Da erosividade anual, 49,1 % correspondeu a chuvas do padrão avançado, 28,9 % a chuvas do padrão intermediário e 22,1 % a chuvas do padrão atrasado. O método da distribuição extrema tipo I foi adequado para obter as curvas de intensidade-duração-frequência. Os períodos de retorno da chuva podem ser calculados por meio das equações, utilizando os valores dos parâmetros encontrados, ou pelos gráficos das curvas de intensidade-duração-frequência.<br>Specific rainfall characteristics vary among regions and their erosion potential must be known for the planning of agricultural and civil engineering activities. For Rio Grande (RS, Brazil), the erosivity and relationships with the precipitation and rainfall coefficient, rainfall hydrologic patterns and return period were determined based on rainfall data of 23 years. For each erosive rainfall the segments of the rainfall chart with the same intensity were separated together and the data registered in worksheets. The mean monthly and annual rainfall erosivity, the EI30 index in the International System of Units and the rainfall patterns were estimated using software Chuveros. The mean monthly values of precipitation and erosivity index were expressed as percentage of the mean annual values of these variables, resulting in the curve of accumulated distribution of precipitation and erosivity index in function of time. The rainfall coefficient (Rc) was calculated. Pearson correlations and linear regressions between the erosivity index EI30 and the mean annual values of precipitation and rainfall coefficient were calculated. The rainfall return period was calculated for 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 years. The mean annual value of EI30 was 5135 MJ mm ha-1 h-1, which is to be used as "R" Factor in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) for Rio Grande and surrounding regions with similar climatic conditions. The regression equations for EI30 and precipitation and rainfall coefficient were not significant. Regarding the total rainfalls studied, it was found that 32.6 % of the rainfalls and 99.3 % of the rain volume were erosive. From the total number of erosive rainfalls, 45.6 % had an advanced hydrologic pattern, 25.6 % an intermediary and 28.7 % a delayed pattern, while for the total volume of erosive rainfalls, 47.8 % had an advanced hydrologic pattern, 28.0 % an intermediary and 24.2 % a delayed pattern. In terms of annual erosivity, 49.1 % corresponded to rainfalls with an advanced, 28.9 % an intermediary and 22.1 % to a delayed pattern. The method of extreme distribution type I was adequate to obtain intensity-duration-frequency curves. Rainfall return periods can be calculated by the equations using the values of the parameters found, or by the graphs of intensity-duration-frequency