539 research outputs found
Near-Field Control of Handset Antennas Based on Inverted-Top Wavetraps: Focus on Hearing-Aid Compatibility
Resistance in Solanum brevidens to both potato virus Y and potato virus X may be associated with slow cell-to-cell spread
Liikkeeseen painottuva toiminnallinen opetus oppimisprosessin eri vaiheissa
TiivistelmĂ€. Tutkielman tarkoituksena oli selvittaÌaÌ, miten toiminnallinen opetus edistaÌaÌ oppimista oppimisprosessin eri vaiheissa. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan, kuinka merkittaÌvaÌssaÌ roolissa liike on lapsen kehityksessaÌ ja kasvussa. LisaÌksi tutkielmassa kuvataan liikkeen positiivisia vaikutuksia oppimiseen. Tutkimuskysymykset olivat, miten liikkeeseen painottuva toiminnallinen opetus tukee oppimista oppimisprosessin eri vaiheissa ja missaÌ oppimisprosessin eri vaiheissa liikkeeseen painottuva toiminnallinen opetus edistaÌaÌ oppimista. Tutkielma oli narratiivinen kirjallisuuskatsaus, joka antoi laajan kuvan kaÌsiteltaÌvaÌstaÌ aiheesta.
Liike on mukana lapsen kehityksessaÌ jo varhaisesta lapsuudesta alkaen, jolloin liikkeen avulla oppiminen on lapselle luontainen tapa oppia. Liikkeen avulla oppimista ei tulisi lopettaa, kun lapsi siirtyy kouluun. Liikkeen avulla oppimisen on todettu vaikuttavan positiivisesti oppilaiden oppimistuloksiin ja koulumenestykseen. Tutkielma osoitti, ettaÌ yhtenaÌ syynaÌ taÌhaÌn naÌhdaÌaÌn aivojen aktiivinen toiminta liikkeen aikana.
Liikkeeseen painottuvassa toiminnallisessa opetuksessa oppiminen tapahtuu toiminnan, tekemisen ja liikkeen kautta. Toiminnallisessa opetuksessa oppija on aktiivinen toimija, joka osallistuu oppimisprosessin suunnitteluun, toteutukseen ja tyoÌskentelyyn. Tutkielmassa oppimisprosessi koostuu orientoitumisesta, uuden aineksen prosessoinnista, opitun koostamisesta sekaÌ soveltamisesta ja reflektoinnista. Liikkeeseen painottuva toiminnallinen opetus edistaÌaÌ oppimista oppimisprosessin kaikissa vaiheissa. Toiminnallinen opetus vaatii onnistuakseen uskaliaan sekaÌ innostuneen opettajan. Tutkielmassa todetaan, ettaÌ toiminnallista opetusta tulisi hyoÌdyntaÌaÌ opetuksessa, koska se on oppilaiden mielestaÌ usein motivoiva ja mielekaÌs tapa oppia. Toiminnallinen opetus tapahtuu vuorovaikutuksessa muiden kanssa, jolloin oppilaiden sosiaaliset ja vuorovaikutukselliset taidot kehittyvaÌt
Luokanopettajien nÀkemyksiÀ opetukseen integroidusta liikunnasta oppimisprosessin eri vaiheissa
TiivistelmÀ. Lasten ja nuorten fyysinen kokonaisaktiivisuus on vÀhentynyt viimeisten vuosikymmenten aikana useista toimenpiteistÀ huolimatta. Perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelman perusteissa 2014 painotetaan fyysisen aktiivisuuden merkitystÀ oppimiselle. TÀssÀ tutkielmassa tarkastellaan, miten fyysistÀ aktiivisuutta voidaan lisÀtÀ koulupÀiviin oppimista edistÀvÀsti. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tarkastella luokanopettajien nÀkemyksiÀ opetukseen integroidun liikunnan soveltuvuudesta oppimisprosessin eri vaiheisiin.
Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittÀÀ, mihin oppimisprosessin vaiheisiin opetukseen integroidut liikunnalliset opetusmenetelmÀt soveltuvat ja missÀ oppimisprosessin vaiheissa luokanopettajat hyödyntÀvÀt niitÀ. LisÀksi tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin minkÀlaisia opetukseen integroituja liikunnallisia opetusmenetelmiÀ luokanopettajat kÀyttÀvÀt eri oppimisprosessin vaiheissa. Tutkielmassa opetukseen integroidulla liikunnalla tarkoitetaan sellaisia toiminnallisia opetusmenetelmiÀ, joissa liike ja liikkuminen on integroitu jollakin tavalla osaksi oppimistapahtumaa. Tutkielmassa oppimisprosessia tarkastellaan vaiheiden orientoituminen, uuden aineksen prosessointi, opitun koostaminen ja soveltaminen sekÀ opitun reflektointi kautta.
TÀtÀ kvalitatiivista tukimusta ohjasi fenomenografinen tutkimusote. Helmikuussa 2019 kerÀtty tutkimusaineisto koostui luokanopettajien (n=18) yhteensÀ kuudesta pienryhmÀkeskustelusta. Osallistujia oli kaikilta alakoulun luokka-asteilta. Aineiston analysoinnissa ensimmÀiseen tutkimuskysymykseen, mihin oppimisprosessin vaiheisiin opetukseen integroidut liikunnalliset opetusmenetelmÀt soveltuvat sekÀ missÀ oppimisprosessin vaiheissa luokanopettajat hyödyntÀvÀt niitÀ, vastaamiseksi kÀytettiin teoriaohjaavaa sisÀllönanalyysiÀ. Toiseen tutkimuskysymykseen, minkÀlaisia opetukseen integroituja liikunnallisia opetusmenetelmiÀ luokanopettajat kÀyttÀvÀt eri oppimisprosessin vaiheissa, vastaamiseksi aineisto analysoitiin aineistolÀhtöisen sisÀllönanalyysin keinoin.
Tutkimustulokset osoittivat, ettĂ€ opetukseen integroitu liikunta soveltui kaikkiin oppimisprosessin vaiheisiin. Erityisesti sen koettiin soveltuvan uuden aineksen prosessointiin sekĂ€ opitun koostamiseen ja soveltamiseen. Kaikkiin oppimisprosessin vaiheisiin saatiin kĂ€ytĂ€nnön esimerkkejĂ€, jotka olivat sovellettavissa useisiin eri oppiaineisiin. Tutkimus osoitti, ettĂ€ oppilaat kokivat opetukseen integroidun liikunnan erittĂ€in mielekkÀÀnĂ€ opetusmenetelmĂ€nĂ€ ja osallistuivat mielellÀÀn sen suunnitteluun ja toteutukseen. Tutkimustulokset antavat suuntaa sille, ettĂ€ liikuntaa voidaan integroida kaikkien oppiaineiden opetukseen perusopetuksen vuosiluokilla 1â6. Opetukseen integroidulla liikunnalla voidaan nĂ€in ollen pyrkiĂ€ lisÀÀmÀÀn vĂ€hĂ€n liikkuvien lasten fyysisen aktiivisuuden mÀÀrÀÀ koulupĂ€ivĂ€n aikana
Hard to catch : experimental evidence supports evasive mimicry
Most research on aposematism has focused on chemically defended prey, but the signalling difficulty of capture remains poorly explored. Similar to classical Batesian and Mullerian mimicry related to distastefulness, such 'evasive aposematism' may also lead to convergence in warning colours, known as evasive mimicry. A prime candidate group for evasive mimicry are Adelpha butterflies, which are agile insects and show remarkable colour pattern convergence. We tested the ability of naive blue tits to learn to avoid and generalize Adelpha wing patterns associated with the difficulty of capture and compared their response to that of birds that learned to associate the same wing patterns with distastefulness. Birds learned to avoid all wing patterns tested and generalized their aversion to other prey to some extent, but learning was faster with evasive prey compared to distasteful prey. Our results on generalization agree with longstanding observations of striking convergence in wing colour patterns among Adelpha species, since, in our experiments, perfect mimics of evasive and distasteful models were always protected during generalization and suffered the lowest attack rate. Moreover, generalization on evasive prey was broader compared to that on distasteful prey. Our results suggest that being hard to catch may deter predators at least as effectively as distastefulness. This study provides empirical evidence for evasive mimicry, a potentially widespread but poorly understood form of morphological convergence driven by predator selection.Peer reviewe
Surface plasmon-polariton study of the optical dielectric function of titanium nitride
This is an electronic version of an article published in Journal of Modern Optics, Vol. 45, Issue 10 (1998), pp. 2051â2062. JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS is available online at: http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=article&issn=0950-0340&volume=45&issue=10&spage=2051This work presents the first detailed study of the optical dielectric function of optically thick TiNx films using grating coupling of radiation to surface plasmon-polaritons. Angle-dependent reflectivities are obtained in the wavelength range 500-875 nm and by comparison with grating modelling theory, we determine both the imaginary and the real parts of the dielectric function. This method provides an alternative to traditional characterization techniques (e.g. Kramers-Kronig analysis) that may require additional information about film thickness, or the sample's optical properties in other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. We have fitted the determined dielectric function to a model based on a combination of interband absorptions and free-electron response evaluating both the plasma energy and the relaxation time
Have regional inequalities in life expectancy widened within the European Union between 1991 and 2008?
<b>BACKGROUND:</b> Health inequalities have widened within and between many European countries over recent decades, but Europe-wide sub-national trends have been largely overlooked. For regions across the European Union (EU), we assess how geographical inequalities (i.e., between regions) and sociospatial inequalities (i.e., between regions grouped by an area-level measure of average household income) in male and female life expectancy have changed between 1991 and 2008.<p></p>
<b>METHODS:</b> Household income, life expectancy at birth and population count data were obtained for 129 regions (level 2 Nomenclature of Statistical Territorial Units, 'NUTS') in 13 European countries with 1991-2008 data (2008 population = 272 million). We assessed temporal changes in the range of life expectancies, for all regions and for Western and Eastern European regions separately.<p></p>
<b>RESULTS:</b> Between 1991 and 2008, the geographical range of life expectancies found among European regions remained relatively constant, with the exception of life expectancy among male Eastern Europeans, for whom the range widened by 2.8 years. Sociospatial inequalities in life expectancy (1999-2008 data only) remained constant for all regions combined and for Western Europe, but more than doubled in size for male Eastern Europeans. For female Eastern Europeans, life expectancy was unrelated to regional household income.<p></p>
<b>CONCLUSIONS:</b>Regional life-expectancy inequalities in the EU have not narrowed over 2 decades, despite efforts to reduce them. Household income differences across European regions may partly explain these inequalities. As inequalities transcend national borders, reduction efforts may require EU-wide coordination in addition to national efforts.<p></p>
Lipid mediators in platelet concentrate and extracellular vesicles: Molecular mechanisms from membrane glycerophospholipids to bioactive molecules
Platelets are collected for transfusion to patients with different hematological disorders, and for logistical reasons, platelets are stored as concentrates. Despite the carefully controlled conditions, platelets become activated during storage, and platelet concentrates (PLCs) may cause adverse inflammatory reactions in the recipients. We studied by mass spectrometry the lipidomic changes during storage of the clinical PLCs, the platelets isolated from PLCs, and the extracellular vesicles (EVs) thereof. The release of EVs from platelets increased with the prolonged storage time. The molar percentages of arachidonic acid -containing species were increased during storage especially in the phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine classes of glycerophopholipids. The increase of these species in the membrane glycerophopholipid composition paralleled the production of both proinflammatory and proresolving lipid mediators (LMs) as the amount of the arachidonic acid-derived LMs such as thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin E2 also increased in time. Moreover, several monohydroxy pathway markers and functionally relevant proinflammatory and proresolving LMs were detected in the PLC and the EVs, and some of these clearly accumulated during storage. By Western blot, the key enzymes of these pathways were shown to be present in the platelets and in many cases also in the EVs. Since the EVs were enriched in the fatty acid precursors of LMs, harbored LM-producing enzymes, contained the related monohydroxy pathway markers, and also secreted the final LM products, the PLC-derived EVs appear to have the potential to regulate inflammation and healing, and may thereby aid the platelets in exerting their essential physiological functions.Peer reviewe
Pathogenic seedborne viruses are rare but Phaseolus vulgaris endornaviruses are common in bean varieties grown in Nicaragua and Tanzania
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is an annual grain legume that was domesticated in Mesoamerica (Central America) and the Andes. It is currently grown widely also on other continents including Africa. We surveyed seedborne viruses in new common bean varieties introduced to Nicaragua (Central America) and in landraces and improved varieties grown in Tanzania (eastern Africa). Bean seeds, harvested from Nicaragua and Tanzania, were grown in insect-controlled greenhouse or screenhouse, respectively, to obtain leaf material for virus testing. Equal amounts of total RNA from different samples were pooled (30-36 samples per pool), and small RNAs were deep-sequenced (Illumina). Assembly of the reads (21-24 nt) to contiguous sequences and searches for homologous viral sequences in data-bases revealed Phaseolus vulgaris endornavirus 1 (PvEV-1) and PvEV-2 in the bean varieties in Nicaragua and Tanzania. These viruses are not known to cause symptoms in common bean and are considered non-pathogenic. The small-RNA reads from each pool of samples were mapped to the previously characterized complete PvEV-1 and PvEV-2 sequences (genome lengths ca. 14 kb and 15 kb, respectively). Coverage of the viral genomes was 87.9-99.9%, depending on the pool. Coverage per nucleotide ranged from 5 to 471, confirming virus identification. PvEV-1 and PvEV-2 are known to occur in Phaseolus spp. in Central America, but there is little previous information about their occurrence in Nicaragua, and no information about occurrence in Africa. Aside from Cowpea mild mosaic virus detected in bean plants grown from been seeds harvested from one region in Tanzania, no other pathogenic seedborne viruses were detected. The low incidence of infections caused by pathogenic viruses transmitted via bean seeds may be attributable to new, virus-resistant CB varieties released by breeding programs in Nicaragua and Tanzania.Peer reviewe
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