Charged Particle Pseudorapidity Distributions in Au+Al, Cu, Au, and U Collisions at 10.8 A⋅\cdotGeV/c

We present the results of an analysis of charged particle pseudorapidity distributions in the central region in collisions of a Au projectile with Al, Cu, Au, and U targets at an incident energy of 10.8~GeV/c per nucleon. The pseudorapidity distributions are presented as a function of transverse energy produced in the target or central pseudorapidity regions. The correlation between charged multiplicity and transverse energy measured in the central region, as well as the target and projectile regions is also presented. We give results for transverse energy per charged particle as a function of pseudorapidity and centrality.Comment: 31 pages + 12 figures (compressed and uuencoded by uufiles), LATEX, Submitted to PR

Measurement of the Total Active 8B Solar Neutrino Flux at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory with Enhanced Neutral Current Sensitivity

The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) has precisely determined the total active (nu_x) 8B solar neutrino flux without assumptions about the energy dependence of the nu_e survival probability. The measurements were made with dissolved NaCl in the heavy water to enhance the sensitivity and signature for neutral-current interactions. The flux is found to be 5.21 +/- 0.27 (stat) +/- 0.38 (syst) x10^6 cm^{-2}s^{-1}, in agreement with previous measurements and standard solar models. A global analysis of these and other solar and reactor neutrino results yields Delta m^{2} = 7.1^{+1.2}_{-0.6}x10^{-5} ev^2 and theta = 32.5^{+2.4}_{-2.3} degrees. Maximal mixing is rejected at the equivalent of 5.4 standard deviations.Comment: Submitted to Phys. Rev. Let

Electron Antineutrino Search at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

Upper limits on the \nuebar flux at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory have been set based on the \nuebar charged-current reaction on deuterium. The reaction produces a positron and two neutrons in coincidence. This distinctive signature allows a search with very low background for \nuebar's from the Sun and other potential sources. Both differential and integral limits on the \nuebar flux have been placed in the energy range from 4 -- 14.8 MeV. For an energy-independent \nu_e --> \nuebar conversion mechanism, the integral limit on the flux of solar \nuebar's in the energy range from 4 -- 14.8 MeV is found to be \Phi_\nuebar <= 3.4 x 10^4 cm^{-2} s^{-1} (90% C.L.), which corresponds to 0.81% of the standard solar model 8B \nu_e flux of 5.05 x 10^6 cm^{-2} s^{-1}, and is consistent with the more sensitive limit from KamLAND in the 8.3 -- 14.8 MeV range of 3.7 x 10^2 cm^{-2} s^{-1} (90% C.L.). In the energy range from 4 -- 8 MeV, a search for \nuebar's is conducted using coincidences in which only the two neutrons are detected. Assuming a \nuebar spectrum for the neutron induced fission of naturally occurring elements, a flux limit of Phi_\nuebar <= 2.0 x 10^6 cm^{-2} s^{-1}(90% C.L.) is obtained.Comment: submitted to Phys. Rev.

Measurement of the rate of nu_e + d --> p + p + e^- interactions produced by 8B solar neutrinos at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

Solar neutrinos from the decay of $^8$B have been detected at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) via the charged current (CC) reaction on deuterium and by the elastic scattering (ES) of electrons. The CC reaction is sensitive exclusively to nu_e's, while the ES reaction also has a small sensitivity to nu_mu's and nu_tau's. The flux of nu_e's from ^8B decay measured by the CC reaction rate is \phi^CC(nu_e) = 1.75 +/- 0.07 (stat)+0.12/-0.11 (sys.) +/- 0.05(theor) x 10^6 /cm^2 s. Assuming no flavor transformation, the flux inferred from the ES reaction rate is \phi^ES(nu_x) = 2.39+/-0.34 (stat.)+0.16}/-0.14 (sys) x 10^6 /cm^2 s. Comparison of \phi^CC(nu_e) to the Super-Kamiokande Collaboration's precision value of \phi^ES(\nu_x) yields a 3.3 sigma difference, providing evidence that there is a non-electron flavor active neutrino component in the solar flux. The total flux of active ^8B neutrinos is thus determined to be 5.44 +/-0.99 x 10^6/cm^2 s, in close agreement with the predictions of solar models.Comment: 6 pages (LaTex), 3 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. Letter

Становление российской онкологической службы после Великой Отечественной войны

Oncology was officially acknowledged as a separate branch of medical science 75 years ago. Historically, it was landmarked by Order No. 323 of the People’s Commissariat for Health of the USSR of April 30, 1945 “On efforts to improve national oncology care”. This decision triggered deployment of a network of oncological institutions that covered almost the entire country in relatively short time and persists today. Aside to rapid revival of existing cancer institutions, new research centres for oncology and radiology, cancer dispensaries and rooms were being set up to gear universal and comprehensive case archival, due-time tumour diagnostics and vocational training, along with manifold other measures to contain cancer. A milestone event was the erection of the Oncological Society in 1954 by the Scientific Council Presidium of the USSR Ministry of Health. The Moscow and All-Union oncological societies contributed greatly to establishment of the Oncology Service and promoted the prestige of Soviet oncology, professional activity in the Union’s republics and overall effectiveness against cancer. Involvement of outstanding scientists, leading oncologists and healthcare decision makers in fostering the Oncology Service cannot be overstated. Today, a progress is made towards understanding the roots of cancer, supply of medical institutions with state-of-the-art equipment, implementation of effective diagnostic and therapy practices. Nevertheless, as yet timely remain further enhancement of preventive medicine, deployment of regional programs for cancer monitoring, education and higher-level professional training, remodelling of diagnostics and care in specialised oncological and primary medical institutions, creation of a unified system for prevention, earlier diagnosis and treatment of cancer.Онкология 75 лет назад официально была признана самостоятельной медицинской дисциплиной. Историческим событием стал Приказ № 323 Наркомздрава СССР от 30 апреля 1945 г. «О борьбе по улучшению онкологической помощи населению». Этим решением была развернута сеть онкологических учреждений, охватившая практически все регионы страны за относительно короткий промежуток времени и существующая в настоящее время. Наряду с быстрым восстановлением существующих онкологических учреждений открывались новые научно-исследовательские институты онкологии и рентгенорадиологии, онкологические диспансеры и кабинеты, организовывалась повсеместная система учета онкологических больных и своевременной диагностики опухолей, формировалась подготовка кадров и проводилось множество других мероприятий по борьбе с онкологическими заболеваниями. Одним из важных событий в онкологии стало создание в 1954 г. по решению президиума Ученого совета Минздрава СССР Общества онкологов. Московским и Всесоюзным обществами онкологов был внесен значимый вклад в формирование онкологической службы. Они способствовали росту престижа советской онкологии, активности онкологов союзных республик, эффективности противораковой борьбы. Невозможно переоценить вклад в становление онкологической службы выдающихся ученых, организаторов здравоохранения, главных онкологов страны. В настоящее время достигнуты успехи в изучении при- чин возникновения рака, в оснащении медицинских организаций современным высокоэффективным оборудованием, во внедрении эффективных диагностических и лечебных методик в клиническую практику. Однако по-прежнему остаются актуальными проблемы дальнейшего совершенствования профилактической работы; разработки и внедрения территориальных программ по противораковой борьбе; подготовки, переподготовки и повышения уровня квалификации кадров; модернизации лечебно-диагностического процесса в специализированных онкологических учреждениях и учреждениях первичного звена здравоохранения; создания единой системы профилактики, ранней диагностики и лечения онкологических заболеваний

Constraints on Nucleon Decay via "Invisible" Modes from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

Data from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory have been used to constrain the lifetime for nucleon decay to ``invisible'' modes, such as n -> 3 nu. The analysis was based on a search for gamma-rays from the de-excitation of the residual nucleus that would result from the disappearance of either a proton or neutron from O16. A limit of tau_inv > 2 x 10^{29} years is obtained at 90% confidence for either neutron or proton decay modes. This is about an order of magnitude more stringent than previous constraints on invisible proton decay modes and 400 times more stringent than similar neutron modes.Comment: Update includes missing efficiency factor (limits change by factor of 2) Submitted to Physical Review Letter

Flow Measurements via Two-particle Azimuthal Correlations in Au + Au Collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 130 GeV

Two particle azimuthal correlation functions are presented for charged hadrons produced in Au + Au collisions at RHIC sqrt(s_NN) = 130 GeV. The measurements permit determination of elliptic flow without event-by-event estimation of the reaction plane. The extracted elliptic flow values v_2 show significant sensitivity to both the collision centrality and the transverse momenta of emitted hadrons, suggesting rapid thermalization and relatively strong velocity fields. When scaled by the eccentricity of the collision zone, epsilon, the scaled elliptic flow shows little or no dependence on centrality for charged hadrons with relatively low p_T. A breakdown of this epsilon scaling is observed for charged hadrons with p_T > 1.0 GeV/c for the most central collisions.Comment: 6 pages, RevTeX 3, 4 figures, 307 authors, submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. on 11 April 2002. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (will be made) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/phenix/WWW/run/phenix/papers.htm

Net Charge Fluctuations in Au + Au Interactions at sqrt(s_NN) = 130 GeV

Data from Au + Au interactions at sqrt(s_NN) = 130 GeV, obtained with the PHENIX detector at RHIC, are used to investigate local net charge fluctuations among particles produced near mid-rapidity. According to recent suggestions, such fluctuations may carry information from the Quark Gluon Plasma. This analysis shows that the fluctuations are dominated by a stochastic distribution of particles, but are also sensitive to other effects, like global charge conservation and resonance decays.Comment: 6 pages, RevTeX 3, 3 figures, 307 authors, submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. on 21 March, 2002. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (will be made) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/phenix/WWW/run/phenix/papers.htm

Event-by-event fluctuations in Mean pTp_T and Mean eTe_T in sqrt(s_NN) = 130 GeV Au+Au Collisions

Distributions of event-by-event fluctuations of the mean transverse momentum and mean transverse energy near mid-rapidity have been measured in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 130 GeV at RHIC. By comparing the distributions to what is expected for statistically independent particle emission, the magnitude of non-statistical fluctuations in mean transverse momentum is determined to be consistent with zero. Also, no significant non-random fluctuations in mean transverse energy are observed. By constructing a fluctuation model with two event classes that preserve the mean and variance of the semi-inclusive p_T or e_T spectra, we exclude a region of fluctuations in sqrt(s_NN) = 130 GeV Au+Au collisions.Comment: 10 pages, RevTeX 3, 7 figures, 4 tables, 307 authors, submitted to Phys. Rev. C on 22 March 2002. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (will be made) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/phenix/WWW/run/phenix/papers.htm

Centrality Dependence of Charged Particle Multiplicity in Au-Au Collisions at sqrt(s_NN)=130 GeV

We present results for the charged-particle multiplicity distribution at mid-rapidity in Au - Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN)=130 GeV measured with the PHENIX detector at RHIC. For the 5% most central collisions we find $dN_{ch}/d\eta_{|\eta=0} = 622 \pm 1 (stat) \pm 41 (syst)$. The results, analyzed as a function of centrality, show a steady rise of the particle density per participating nucleon with centrality.Comment: 307 authors, 43 institutions, 6 pages, 4 figures, 1 table Minor changes to figure labels and text to meet PRL requirements. One author added: M. Hibino of Waseda Universit