SIMULATION OF THE TEMPERATURE PROFILE OF A PECTIN SOLUTION IN A PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER: A NON-LINEAR SYSTEM APPROACH FOR CONTROL

Experimental measurement can be made only of inlet and outlet global temperature of plate heat exchanger (PHE), therefore the temperature profile along of a PHE is hardly ever known. The goal of this work was to evaluate the influence of a non-Newtonian behavior of pectin solution in the temperature response curves along of the PHE. The results were obtained using a simulation codified in Matlab 6.1 software. The response curves resulted from the simulations were fitted to models for identification and characterization of the system linearity. The result shows a clear non-linear behavior of the response curves along the PHE

Application of laser microdissection to identify the mycorrhizal fungi that establish arbuscules inside root cells.

Obligate symbiotic fungi that form arbuscular mycorrhizae (AMF; belonging to the Glomeromycota phylum) are some of the most important soil microorganisms. AMFs facilitate mineral nutrient uptake from the soil, in exchange for plant-assimilated carbon, and promote water-stress tolerance and resistance to certain diseases. AMFs colonize the root by producing inter- and intra-cellular hyphae. When the fungus penetrates the inner cortical cells, it produces a complex ramified structure called arbuscule, which is considered the preferential site for nutrient exchange. Direct DNA extraction from the whole root and sequencing of ribosomal gene regions are commonly carried out to investigate intraradical AMF communities. Nevertheless, this protocol cannot discriminate between the AMFs that actively produce arbuscules and those that do not. To solve this issue, the authors have characterized the AMF community of arbusculated cells (AC) through a laser microdissection (LMD) approach, combined with sequencing-based taxa identification. The results were then compared with the AMF community that was found from whole root DNA extraction. The AMF communities originating from the LMD samples and the whole root samples differed remarkably. Five taxa were involved in the production of arbuscules, while two taxa were retrieved inside the root but not in the AC. Unexpectedly, one taxon was found in the AC, but its detection was not possible when extracting from the whole root. Thus, the LMD technique can be considered a powerful tool to obtain more precise knowledge on the symbiotically active intraradical AMF community

ESTIMATIVAS DE ÁREA BASAL E USO DO RELASCÓPIO DE BITTERLICH EM AMOSTRAGEM DE FLORESTA ESTACIONAL DECIDUAL

A Floresta Estacional Decidual da região nordeste de Goiás é um tipo de vegetação florestal do grande bioma Cerrado, que pode ocorrer em áreas de afloramento de calcário e, geralmente, apresenta maior biomassa de espécies arbóreas que a vegetação de cerrado adjacente. Este estudo foi desenvolvido em uma área de floresta intacta (Fazenda Flor Ermo) e em quatro áreas de floresta perturbada (Fazendas Formosa, Traçadal, Manguinha e Conçeição Mocambo). O objetivo foi estimar a área basal e a intensidade amostral utilizando o relascópio de Bitterlich em florestas deciduais. A área basal foi de 29,3 m²/ha na floresta intacta e de 23 a 24 m²/ha nas perturbadas. As florestas com perturbação acentuada apresentaram curvas de distribuição do desvio padrão dos pontos de amostragem com pequena variação comparada com a curvas das áreas com baixo nível de perturbação. Para um limite de confiança de 95 % de probabilidade de confiança para a estimativa da média, 20 unidades amostrais com o relascópio podem ser suficientes para amostrar satisfatoriamente a área basal nesse tipo de vegetação

Continuous Aerobic Training In Individualized Intensity Avoids Spontaneous Physical Activity Decline And Improves Mct1 Expression In Oxidative Muscle Of Swimming Rats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Although aerobic training has been shown to affect the lactate transport of skeletal muscle, there is no information concerning the effect of continuous aerobic training on spontaneous physical activity (SPA). Because every movement in daily life (i.e., SPA) is generated by skeletal muscle, we think that it is possible that an improvement of SPA could affect the physiological properties of muscle with regard to lactate transport. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks of continuous aerobic training in individualized intensity on SPA of rats and their gene expressions of monocarboxylate transporters (MCT) 1 and 4 in soleus (oxidative) and white gastrocnemius (glycolytic) muscles. We also analyzed the effect of continuous aerobic training on aerobic and anaerobic parameters using the lactate minimum test (LMT). Sixty-day-old rats were randomly divided into three groups: a Baseline group in which rats were evaluated prior to initiation of the study; a control group (Co) in which rats were kept without any treatment during 12 weeks; and a chronic exercise group (Tr) in which rats swam for 40 min/day, 5 days/week at 80% of anaerobic threshold during 12 weeks. After the experimental period, SPA of rats was measured using a gravimetric method. Rats had their expression of MCTs determined by RT-PCR analysis. In essence, aerobic training is effective in maintaining SPA, but did not prevent the decline of aerobic capacity and anaerobic performance, leading us to propose that the decline of SPA is not fully attributed to a deterioration of physical properties. Changes in SPA were concomitant with changes in MCT1 expression in the soleus muscle of trained rats, suggestive of an additional adaptive response toward increased lactate clearance. This result is in line with our observation showing a better equilibrium on lactate production remotion during the continuous exercise (LMT). We propose an approach to combat the decline of SPA of rats in their home cages. This new finding is worth for scientists who work with animal models to study the protective effects of exercise.7Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo - FAPESP [2011/16222-7, 2012/20501-1, 2014/10336-9]Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior - CNPq [305650/2009-2]Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Ethylene and the postharvest performance of cut camellia flowering branches

Camellias are potentially appreciated as cut branches due to their deep and bright green foliage with a high number of flower buds. The present research investigated the role of ethylene in postharvest flower and leaf abscission of seven cultivars of Camellia japonica and evaluated the effect of inhibitors of ethylene action on their vase life. Cut flowering branches were shipped from private companies, mimicking a long and short supply chain. Plant materials were treated with commercial Chrysal, gaseous 1-MCP, and 1-MCP included in β-cyclodextrin-based nanosponges and compared to cut branches exposed to exogenous ethylene (1±0.2 μl l-1) for 24 h and control in tap water. Visual checks for symptoms of variation in senescence, flower opening stage, flower abscission, leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD) and gloss, in addition to ethylene production levels were monitored daily. Cut branches placed in tap water lost ornamental value after ca. 5.5 days of vase life and reached complete senescence after about 10 days in all the studied cultivars, regardless of supply chain, with the exception of ‘Il Tramonto’ with 10 and 20 days, respectively. Exogenous ethylene application reduced camellia cut branch longevity in ‘Debbie’ and ‘R.H. Wheeler’, while the other cultivars lasted as long as the control. Anti-ethylene treatments prolonged the vase life only in ‘Korun Koku’ and ‘Il Tramonto’

Afforestation of savannas: an impending ecological disaster.

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Condição quantitativa e qualitativa da vegetação natural remanescente do entorno da Flona de Passo Fundo, Mato Castelhano, RS.

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