90Sr uptake in the freshwater liverwort Riccia fluitans L.

90Sr is a radioactive isotope of strontium produced by nuclear fission, with a half-life of 28.8 years. This artificial radioisotope is present in natural ecosystems as the results of radioactive fallout from nuclear weapons or releases during nuclear power plants accidents; because of its similarity with Ca*2 is quickly incorporated into the biota. The high mobility of Sr+2 in aquatic compared with terrestrial ecosystems makes the uptake and accumulation of 90Sr+2 higher in aquatic than in terrestrial plants. Here we analyse the uptake rate, kinetics and retention, concentration factor (CF) of 90Sr in the freshwater liverwort Riccia fluiants. 90Sr uptake by R. fluitnas shows a bi-phasic kinetics that fits the Michaelis & Menten model in both micro and milimolar concentration ranges. Apparent semi-saturation constants (KM) were 15 µM and 2 mM for the high and low affinity ranges, respectively. The presence of the K+ channels blocker tetraethyamonium (10 mM TEA) inhibits 90Sr uptake by a 25%. However, the presence of 1 mM La+3 completely inhibits 90Sr uptake in this plant. Maximum incorporation rate occurs at alkaline external pH (8.3), either in plants grown in the presence of K+ or in the absence. Finally, gradual increases of the Ca2+ concentration in the medium progressively inhibits 90Sr uptake. CF values are higher in K+ -deficient plants, CF maximum of 1500, than in K+ -sufficient, (maximum CF of 600) and show similar responses to inhibitors, pH or Ca2+. CF values progressively decrease at increasing external Ca2+ concentrations, higher CF values are found at pH 8.3 but lower values are observed in the presence of TEA, being close to zero in the presence of La+3. The different 90Sr uptake rates in K+-sufficient and K+-deficient plants and TEA sensitivity indicate that one part of 90Sr would be transported through non-selective cation channels. Furthermore, Ca2+ and La3+ sensitivities suggest that 90Sr could be incorporated through Ca2+ channels.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. Spanish MINECO: BFU2017-85117-R and BIO2016-81957-RED

Orphan penumbrae: Submerging horizontal fields

We investigate the properties of orphan penumbrae, which are photospheric filamentary structures observed in active regions near polarity inversion lines that resemble the penumbra of regular sunspots but are not connected to any umbra. We use Hinode data from the Solar Optical Telescope to determine the properties of orphan penumbrae. Spectropolarimetric data are employed to obtain the vector magnetic field and line-of-sight velocities in the photosphere. Magnetograms are used to study the overall evolution of these structures, and G-band and Ca II H filtergrams are to investigate their brightness and apparent horizontal motions. Orphan penumbrae form between regions of opposite polarity in places with horizontal magnetic fields. Their magnetic configuration is that of $\Omega$-shaped flux ropes. In the two cases studied here, the opposite-polarity regions approach each other with time and the whole structure submerges as the penumbral filaments disappear. Orphan penumbrae are very similar to regular penumbrae, including the existence of strong gas flows. Therefore, they could have a similar origin. The main difference between them is the absence of a "background" magnetic field in orphan penumbrae. This could explain most of the observed differences. The fast flows we detect in orphan penumbrae may be caused by the siphon flow mechanism. Based on the similarities between orphan and regular penumbrae, we propose that the Evershed flow is also a manifestation of siphon flows.Comment: 15 pages, 15 figure

Commentary: Does blue uniform color enhance winning probability in judo contests?

Spanish FCYT [PETROSIS PA-18-ACB17-11]; Goverment of Asturias, Spai

Granular-Scale Elementary Flux Emergence Episodes in a Solar Active Region

We analyze data from Hinode spacecraft taken over two 54-minute periods during the emergence of AR 11024. We focus on small-scale portions within the observed solar active region and discover the appearance of very distinctive small-scale and short-lived dark features in Ca II H chromospheric filtergrams and Stokes I images. The features appear in regions with close-to-zero longitudinal magnetic field, and are observed to increase in length before they eventually disappear. Energy release in the low chromospheric line is detected while the dark features are fading. In time series of magnetograms a diverging bipolar configuration is observed accompanying the appearance of the dark features and the brightenings. The observed phenomena are explained as evidencing elementary flux emergence in the solar atmosphere, i.e small-scale arch filament systems rising up from the photosphere to the lower chromosphere with a length scale of a few solar granules. Brightenings are explained as being the signatures of chromospheric heating triggered by reconnection of the rising loops (once they reached chromospheric heights) with pre-existing magnetic fields as well as to reconnection/cancellation events in U-loop segments of emerging serpentine fields. We study the temporal evolution and dynamics of the events and compare them with the emergence of magnetic loops detected in quiet sun regions and serpentine flux emergence signatures in active regions. Incorporating the novel features of granular-scale flux emergence presented in this study we advance the scenario for serpentine flux emergence.Comment: 24 pages, 9 figures. Accepted for publication in Solar Physic