Kesalahan Bentukan Kata Berafiks dalam Karangan Mahasiswa Thailand yang Berbahasa Ibu Bahasa Melayu

The aim of this study is to describe the error of affixed word formation by Thai students who speak Malay as their mother tongue that covers (1) the error of affixed word formation as viewed from context sentence, (2) the error of affixed word formation as viewed from the natural use of words. This research design being use in this study is qualitative research design and the researcher employs essay writing technique as the main data collection. The findings indicate that the Thai students who speak Malay as their mother tongue performed the error of affixed word formation as viewed from context sentence. The findings pointed out some errors that covered (1) affixes omission (prefixes, suffixes and circumfix), (2) affixes addition (prefixes and suffixes), and (3) affixes ambiguity USAge (prefixes and circumfix). Furthermore, based on the context sentence, the researcher found that there were errors of affixed word formation as viewed from the natural use of words. These issues caused by the use of unnatural words, such as permula kali, bergaulan, mengirimkan, berhormat, berziarah, berbual, kedudukan, berhubungan siraturrahmi, tersoho, bercakap.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kesalahan bentukan kata berafiks dalam karangan mahasiswa Thailand yang berbahasa ibu bahasa Melayu, meliputi (1) kesalahan bentukan kata berafiks ditinjau dari konteks kalimat dan (2) kesalahan bentukan kata berafiks ditinjau dari kelaziman penggunaan kata. Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan teknik penugasan menulis karangan. Hasil temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa mahasiswa Thailand yang berbahasa Ibu bahasa Melayu banyak melakukan kesalahan bentukan kata berafiks ditinjau dari konteks, meliputi (1) penghilangan afiks (prefiks, sufiks, dan konfiks), (2) penambahan afiks (prefiks dan sufiks), dan (3) kerancuan penggunaan afiks (prefiks dan konfiks). Selanjutnya, kesalahan bentukan kata berafiks ditinjau dari kelaziman penggunaan kata. Hal ini terjadi karena penggunaan kata-kata yang tidak lazim, seperti permula kali, bergaulan, mengirimkan, berhormat, berziarah, berbual, kedudukan, berhubungan siraturrahmi, tersoho, bercakap

Advancing the remote sensing of precipitation

Satellite-based global precipitation data has addressed the limitations of rain gauges and weather radar systems in forecasting applications and for weather and climate studies. Inspite of this ability, a number of issues that require the development of advanced concepts to address key challenges in satellite-based observations of precipitation were identified during the Advanced Concepts Workshop on Remote Sensing of Precipitation at Multiple Scales at the University of California. These include quantification of uncertainties of individual sensors and their propagation into multisensor products warrants a great deal of research. The development of metrics for validation and uncertainty analysis are of great importance. Bias removal, particularly probability distribution function (PDF)-based adjustment, deserves more in-depth research. Development of a near-real-time probabilistic uncertainty model for satellitebased precipitation estimates is highly desirable

Cadmium-induced adrenal cortical autophagy in rats: possible modulation by sildenafil

Background: The link between autophagy, inflammatory bowel disease, ischaemic injury and cancer had been established. Reasonable evidence is available for cadmium to be related to certain cancers. Sildenafil had been investigated to modulate oxidative stress mechanisms. The aim of this study is to investigate cadmium-induced adrenal cortical autophagy and to declare possible modulation by sildenafil.Materials and methods: Twenty four Wistar rats weighing 150–200 g were randomly and equally assigned into: control group, sildenafil (20 mg/kg/day orally) exposed group, cadmium group (cadmium chloride 1 mg/kg/day SC), cadmium + sildenafil group (rats received cadmium concomitant with sildenafil). Euthanasia was done 4 weeks from the beginning of experiment; adrenal glands were subjected to biochemical, histological, ultrastructural and immunnohistochemical assessment.Results: Control and sildenafil exposed groups exhibited nearly similar results. Cadmium had produced adrenal cortical apoptosis and ultrastructural derangement of cell organelles. Cadmium-induced autophagy was detected by ultrastructural abundance of enlarged lysosomes and significant (p < 0.05) increase in the optical density of lysosomal associated membrane protein 2 immunoexpression. Sildenafil taken with cadmium had decreased adrenal cortical autophagy, significantly modulated the adrenal gland superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde compared to cadmium group. Also, the optical density of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) and caspase-3 immunoexpression was significantly decreased in cadmium + sildenafil compared to cadmium group.Conclusions: Cadmium might induce adrenal cortical autophagy in rats and sildenafil might show an ameliorating effect probably through enhancement of antioxidant defence mechanism and modulation of NF-kB

Implikasi Pendekatan Green Partnership Dalam Program Konservasi Kawasan Mangrove Di Perairan Utara Terhadap Terciptanya Kegiatan Ekonomi Hijau Pada Masyarakat Kota Bontang

Kawasan hutan Mangrove memiliki manfaat yang besar, baik secara fisik, ekologi, maupun ekonomi, namun secara agregat luas kawasan hutan Mangrove menurun. Beberapa upaya telah dilakukan, seperti Gerakan Nasional Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan, namun hasilnya belum seperti yang diharapkan. Perlu dicari dan dirumuskan pendekatan yang tepat dalam proses konservasi kawasan Mangrove tersebut. Tulisan ini berisi penelitian atas program konservasi kawasan Mangrove di perairan utara kota Bontang yang telah dilakukan oleh Community Development (Comdev)Badak LNG—sebagai salah satu wujud program CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah ingin mengetahui strategi dan pendekatan konservasi yang dilakukan Badak LNG. Melalui metode analisis kuantitatif berdasarkan data-data sekunder yang peneliti dapatkan serta analisis kualitatif berupa observasi dan wawancara langsung terhadap pihak-pihak yang terlibat dalam program konservasi kawasan Mangrove, menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa strategi pendekatan yang digunakan tim Comdev Badak LNG adalah Kemitraan Hijau (Green Partership).Konservasi yang dilakukan bersifat partisipatif, dan secara signifikan telah melahirkan kegiatan Ekonomi Hijau (Green Economic), meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat, serta menumbuhkan kesadaran ekologis untuk senantiasa menjaga ekosistem kawasan hutan Mangrove. Kata-kata Kunci: Mangrove, Konservasi, Corporate Social Responsibility, Green Partnership, Green Economi

On the impact of substrate electron injection on dynamic Ron in GaN-on-Si HEMTs

The impact of electron injection from the substrate on the dynamic Ron of GaN-on-Si High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) has been investigated by means of back-bias transient and vertical leakage measurements and TCAD simulations. A strong correlation between electrons injected from the substrate and on-state drain current transients is demonstrated. Moreover, the contribution of the electron-type traps in the buffer layer as opposed to the usually studied hole-like traps to the dynamic Ron is discussed. In particular, the impact of electron-like traps for different levels of substrate leakage current is studied. A TCAD model has been developed and calibrated by taking into account both off-state vertical leakage and on-state drain current transient experimental results. The proposed charge dynamic has also been assessed against state-of-the-art theories. This analysis contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex scenario of different types of traps in the buffer layer of GaN-on-Si devices and highlights the impact that trap-states can have on the on-state and off-state currents

Pembuatan Biobriket dari Limbah Dedaunan

There were so many leaves waste in our environment. This reseach is conduct to study the possibility of using that waste as a raw material of Bio-briquettes. The leaves that useare mangoes, jackfruits, rambutans, and teak wood powder as comparison. Bio-briquettes were make with and without pyrolysis, for 2 and 5 gram starch. The characteristics test, flame test and water boiling test are conducted with Anglo and Biomassa Stove. The results of the test shows that only moisture content that meet SNI, but the good information that the calories of three type of leaves are more than 4,600 calories/gram, especially the rambutan leaves is 4960 calories/gram. The SNI standar for wood is 5,000 caloris/gram. The flame test results shows that at Biomassa Stove better than at Anglo, and 2 gram starch better than 5 gram. For water boiling test at Angglo is better than at Biomassa Stove, and 2 gram starch better than 5 gram

Increasing 3D Supramolecular Order by Decreasing Molecular Order. A Comparative Study of Helical Assemblies of Dendronized Nonchlorinated and Tetrachlorinated Perylene Bisimides

A nonplanar, twisted, and flexible tetrachlorinated perylene bisimide (Cl4PBI) was functionalized with two AB3 minidendrons containing hydrogenated or semifluorinated dodecyl groups. The hydrogenated dendron was attached to the imide groups of Cl4PBI via m = 0, 1, and 2 methylenic units, whereas the dendron containing semifluorinated groups was attached via m = 3 or a di(ethylene oxide) linker (m = 2EO). The supramolecular structures of these compounds, determined by a combination of differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and solid-state NMR, were compared with those of nonchlorinated planar and rigid PBI reported previously, which demonstrated the thermodynamically controlled formation of 2D periodic arrays at high temperatures and 3D arrays at low temperatures. The molecularly less ordered Cl4PBI containing hydrogenated dendrons self-organize into exclusively 3D crystalline periodic arrays under thermodynamic control for m = 0 and 2, while the more highly molecularly ordered PBI produced less stable and ordered 3D crystals and also 2D assemblies. This induction of a higher degree of 3D order in supramolecular assemblies of the less well-ordered molecular building blocks was unanticipated. The semifluorinated dendronized Cl4PBI with m = 3 formed a 2D columnar hexagonal array under kinetic control, whereas the compound with m = 2EO formed an unusual 2D honeycomb-like hexagonal phase under thermodynamic control. These Cl4PBI compounds provide a new route to stable crystalline assemblies via thermodynamic control at lower temperatures than previously obtained with PBI, thus generating 3D order in an accessible range of temperature of interest for structural analysis and for technological applications

Association of anticoagulation dose and survival in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A retrospective propensity score-weighted analysis

© 2020 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd Background: Hypercoagulability may contribute to COVID-19 pathogenicity. The role of anticoagulation (AC) at therapeutic (tAC) or prophylactic doses (pAC) is unclear. Objectives: We evaluated the impact on survival of different AC doses in COVID-19 patients. Methods: Retrospective, multi-center cohort study of consecutive COVID-19 patients hospitalized between March 13 and May 5, 2020. Results: A total of 3480 patients were included (mean age, 64.5 years [17.0]; 51.5% female; 52.1% black and 40.6% white). 18.5% (n = 642) required intensive care unit (ICU) stay. 60.9% received pAC (n = 2121), 28.7% received ≥3 days of tAC (n = 998), and 10.4% (n = 361) received no AC. Propensity score (PS) weighted Kaplan-Meier plot demonstrated different 25-day survival probability in the tAC and pAC groups (57.5% vs 50.7%). In a PS–weighted multivariate proportional hazards model, AC was associated with reduced risk of death at prophylactic (hazard ratio [HR] 0.35 [95% confidence interval {CI} 0.22-0.54]) and therapeutic doses (HR 0.14 [95% CI 0.05-0.23]) compared to no AC. Major bleeding occurred more frequently in tAC patients (81 [8.1%]) compared to no AC (20 [5.5%]) or pAC (46 [2.2%]) subjects. Conclusions: Higher doses of AC were associated with lower mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Prospective evaluation of efficacy and risk of AC in COVID-19 is warranted

Substantiation of buried two dimensional hole gas (2DHG) existence in GaN-on-Si epitaxial heterostructure

Gallium Nitride on Silicon (GaN-on-Si) devices feature a relatively thick epi buffer layer to release the stress related to the lattice constant mismatch between GaN and Si. The buffer layer is formed by several AlGaN-based transition layers with different Al contents. This work addresses the fundamental question of whether two-dimensional hole gases (2DHGs) exist at those interfaces where the theory predicts a high concentration of a negative fixed charge as a consequence of the discontinuity in polarization between the layers. In this study, we demonstrate that the presence of such 2DHGs is consistent with the measured vertical Capacitance-Votage Profiling (CV) and Technology Caomputer-Aided Design (TCAD) simulation in the whole range of measurable frequencies (10 mHz–1 MHz). N-type compensating background donor included in the epi structure in the simulation deck proves to be crucial to explain the depletion region extension consistent with the CV experimental data. For the standard range of frequencies (1 kHz–1 MHz), there was no indication of the presence of 2DHGs. A set of ultra-low frequency (10 mHz–10 Hz) measurements performed were able to reveal the existence of 2DHGs. The outcome of these ultra-low frequency experiments was matched with TCAD simulations which validated our theory

Population mixing and incidence of cancers in adolescents and young adults between 1990 and 2013 in Yorkshire, UK

Purpose: Epidemiological evidence suggests a role for an infectious etiology for cancers in teenagers and young adults (TYAs). We investigated this by describing associations between infection transmission using the population mixing (PM) proxy and incidence of cancers in TYAs in Yorkshire, UK. Methods: We extracted cancer cases from the Yorkshire Specialist Register of Cancer in Children and Young People from 1990 to 2013 (n = 1929). Using multivariable Poisson regression models (adjusting for effects of deprivation and population density), we investigated whether PM was associated with cancer incidence. We included population mixing–population density interaction terms to examine for differences in effects of PM in urban and rural populations. Results: Nonsignificant IRRs were observed for leukemias (IRR 1.20, 95% CI 0.91–1.59), lymphomas (IRR 1.09, 95% CI 0.90–1.32), central nervous system tumors (IRR 1.06, 95% CI 0.80–1.40) and germ cell tumors (IRR 1.14, 95% CI 0.92–1.41). The association between PM and cancer incidence did not vary in urban and rural areas. Conclusions: Study results suggest PM is not associated with incidence of cancers among TYAs. This effect does not differ between rural and urban settings