A new kind of Lax-Oleinik type operator with parameters for time-periodic positive definite Lagrangian systems

In this paper we introduce a new kind of Lax-Oleinik type operator with parameters associated with positive definite Lagrangian systems for both the time-periodic case and the time-independent case. On one hand, the new family of Lax-Oleinik type operators with an arbitrary $u\in C(M,\mathbb{R}^1)$ as initial condition converges to a backward weak KAM solution in the time-periodic case, while it was shown by Fathi and Mather that there is no such convergence of the Lax-Oleinik semigroup. On the other hand, the new family of Lax-Oleinik type operators with an arbitrary $u\in C(M,\mathbb{R}^1)$ as initial condition converges to a backward weak KAM solution faster than the Lax-Oleinik semigroup in the time-independent case.Comment: We give a new definition of Lax-Oleinik type operator; add some reference

The optimum performance of absorption cycles with external and internal Irreversibilities

A new model is presented to describe an irreversible absorption refrigerator, in which not only the irreversibilities of heat conduction but also the irreversibilities resulting from the friction, eddy and other irreversible effects inside the working fluid are considered. The influence of these irreversible effects on the performance of an absorption refrigerator with continuous flow is investigated. The analytical expressions of the optimal refrigeration coefficient and the cooling rate of the refrigerator are derived. The predictions of the model are compared with semi-empirical cycle model of single-stage absorption refrigeration machines. The results obtained here can describe the optimal performance of a four-temperature-level absorption refrigeration affected simultaneously by the internal and external irreversibilities and provide the theoretical base s for the optimal design and operation of real absorption refrigerators operating between four temperature level.A new model is presented to describe an irreversible absorption refrigerator, in which not only the irreversibilities of heat conduction but also the irreversibilities resulting from the friction, eddy and other irreversible effects inside the working fluid are considered. The influence of these irreversible effects on the performance of an absorption refrigerator with continuous flow is investigated. The analytical expressions of the optimal refrigeration coefficient and the cooling rate of the refrigerator are derived. The predictions of the model are compared with semi-empirical cycle model of single-stage absorption refrigeration machines. The results obtained here can describe the optimal performance of a four-temperature-level absorption refrigeration affected simultaneously by the internal and external irreversibilities and provide the theoretical base s for the optimal design and operation of real absorption refrigerators operating between four temperature level

Weak KAM for commuting Hamiltonians

For two commuting Tonelli Hamiltonians, we recover the commutation of the Lax-Oleinik semi-groups, a result of Barles and Tourin ([BT01]), using a direct geometrical method (Stoke's theorem). We also obtain a "generalization" of a theorem of Maderna ([Mad02]). More precisely, we prove that if the phase space is the cotangent of a compact manifold then the weak KAM solutions (or viscosity solutions of the critical stationary Hamilton-Jacobi equation) for G and for H are the same. As a corrolary we obtain the equality of the Aubry sets, of the Peierls barrier and of flat parts of Mather's $\alpha$ functions. This is also related to works of Sorrentino ([Sor09]) and Bernard ([Ber07b]).Comment: 23 pages, accepted for publication in NonLinearity (january 29th 2010). Minor corrections, fifth part added on Mather's $\alpha$ function (or effective Hamiltonian

The effect of endurance training on left ventricle serum response factor gene expression in Wistar male rats

زمینه و هدف: فعالیت استقامتی موجب تجدید ساختار قلب می‌شود و بیان بسیاری از ژن‌‌ها را القاء می کند، ضمن اینکه فاکتور رونویسی(Serum Response Factor= SRF) نقش مهمی در تجدید ساختار قلب در سطح سلولی بازی می‌کند، هدف این پژوهش بررسی اثر تمرینات استقامتی بر بیان ژن فاکتور پاسخ سرم (srf) بطن چپ موش‌های صحرایی نر نژاد ویستار بود. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی 14 سر موش صحرایی نر نژاد ویستار، بعد از آشناسازی با پروتکل تمرینی به صورت تصادفی به دو گروه شاهد و تجربی تقسیم شدند. گروه تجربی یک برنامه (14 هفته‌ای) استقامتی را روی نوارگردان اجرا کرد و سپس 48 ساعت پس از پایان آخرین جلسه تمرینی بی‌هوش و تشریح شدند، سپس قلب و بطن چپ آن ها خارج و با استفاده از روشReal time PCR میزان بیان ژن srf قلب آن ها اندازه‌گیری شد. با استفاده از آزمون آماری t، اطلاعات به دست آمده تحلیل شد. یافته‌ها: شاخص‌های ارزیابی هایپرتروفی نشان داد که نسبت وزن بطن چپ به وزن بدن گروه تجربی (18/0±3/2) در مقایسه با گروه کنترل (12/0±049/2) بیشتر بود (05/0>P). نسبت وزن بطن چپ به سطح رویه بدن در گروه تجربی (008/0±168/0) در مقایسه با گروه کنترل (006/0±153/0) بیشتر بود (01/0>P). میانگین بیان ژن srf بطن چپ گروه تجربی به طور معنی ‌داری بیشتر از گروه کنترل بود (006/0P=). نتیجه‌گیری: تمرین استقامتی موجب افزایش هایپرتروفی و بیان ژن srf در بطن چپ موش‌های صحرایی تمرین کرده می‌شود که با توجه به نقش این ژن در تجدید ساختار قلب، به نظر می‌رسد افزایش آن نشانه‌ای از سازماندهی مجدد سارکومرهای قلب جهت سازگاری به تمرینات استقامتی است

Analysis of Droplet Train/Moving Substrate Interactions in Ink-Jetting Processes

Ink-jetting technology has been applied to several processes in solid free-form fabrication (SFF) wherein droplets impinge onto a substrate to deposit the build material. Droplet impact behaviour on a surface has been the interest of many researchers; however, few studies have been undertaken to investigate the interaction of droplets with the moving substrate. This paper reports the impact behaviour of the droplets jetted at different frequencies onto a substrate moving over a range of velocities. The phenomena associated with the interaction were classified into three main regimes.Mechanical Engineerin

Topological Entropy of Braids on the Torus

A fast method is presented for computing the topological entropy of braids on the torus. This work is motivated by the need to analyze large braids when studying two-dimensional flows via the braiding of a large number of particle trajectories. Our approach is a generalization of Moussafir's technique for braids on the sphere. Previous methods for computing topological entropies include the Bestvina--Handel train-track algorithm and matrix representations of the braid group. However, the Bestvina--Handel algorithm quickly becomes computationally intractable for large braid words, and matrix methods give only lower bounds, which are often poor for large braids. Our method is computationally fast and appears to give exponential convergence towards the exact entropy. As an illustration we apply our approach to the braiding of both periodic and aperiodic trajectories in the sine flow. The efficiency of the method allows us to explore how much extra information about flow entropy is encoded in the braid as the number of trajectories becomes large.Comment: 19 pages, 44 figures. SIAM journal styl

Patent foramen ovale and neurosurgery in sitting position: a systematic review

We have conducted a systematic review of air embolism complications of neurosurgery in the sitting position and patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure. It assesses the risk and benefit of PFO closure before neurosurgery in the sitting position. The databases Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Controlled Trial Register were systematically searched from inception to November 2007 for keywords in both topics separately. In total, 4806 patients were considered for neurosurgery in sitting position and 5416 patients underwent percutaneous PFO closure. The overall rate of venous air embolism during neurosurgery in sitting position was 39% for posterior fossa surgery and 12% for cervical surgery. The rate of clinical and transoesophageal echocardiography detected paradoxical air embolism was reported between 0% and 14%. The overall success rate for PFO closure using new and the most common closure devices was reported 99%, whereas the average risk of major complications is <1%. On the basis of our systematic review, we recommend screening for PFO and considering closure in cases in which the sitting position is the preferred neurosurgical approach. Our proposed management including the time of PFO closure according to available data is presented. However, the conclusions from our systematic review may be limited due to the lack of level A evidence and from using data from observational cohort studies. Thus, definite evidence-based recommendations require prospective evaluation of the issue in well-designed studie

Karyological study of the medicinal plant Papaver rhoeas from northwest of Iran

Karyotype and morphology of mitotic chromosomes in six populations of the medicinal plant Papaver rhoeas collected from various geographical locations of the northwest of Iran were studied. Chromosome characteristics were measured from 10 complete metaphase cells using micromeasure software. The results showed that P. rhoeas is a diploid species with 2n=2x=14 chromosomes. The karyotype consisted of seven pairs of submetacentric chromosomes with one pairs of SAT chromosome (chromosome 2) having a secondary constriction at the end of its short arm. Karyological characteristics of all the materials studied were similar to each other; however, there were some variations on chromosome arm ratios and relative lengths among the different populations. All of the populations are placed on 4A class of Stebbin’s asymmetry categories.Key words: Biodiversity, chromosome analysis, medicinal plants, Papaveraceae

Adiabatic analysis of the rotating BTZ black hole

In this paper we analyze some interesting features of the thermodynamics of the rotating BTZ black hole from the Carath\'{e}odory axiomatic postulate, for which, we exploit the appropriate Pfaffian form. The allowed adiabatic transformations are then obtained by solving the corresponding Cauchy problem, and are studied accordingly. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of our approach, regarding the the second and third laws of black hole thermodynamics. In particular, the merging of two extremal black holes is studied in detail