Model comparisons for estimating carbon emissions from North American wildland fire

Research activities focused on estimating the direct emissions of carbon from wildland fires across North America are reviewed as part of the North American Carbon Program disturbance synthesis. A comparison of methods to estimate the loss of carbon from the terrestrial biosphere to the atmosphere from wildland fires is presented. Published studies on emissions from recent and historic time periods and five specific cases are summarized, and new emissions estimates are made using contemporary methods for a set of specific fire events. Results from as many as six terrestrial models are compared. We find that methods generally produce similar results within each case, but estimates vary based on site location, vegetation (fuel) type, and fire weather. Area normalized emissions range from 0.23 kg C m−2 for shrubland sites in southern California/NW Mexico to as high as 6.0 kg C m−2 in northern conifer forests. Total emissions range from 0.23 to 1.6 Tg C for a set of 2003 fires in chaparral-dominated landscapes of California to 3.9 to 6.2 Tg C in the dense conifer forests of western Oregon. While the results from models do not always agree, variations can be attributed to differences in model assumptions and methods, including the treatment of canopy consumption and methods to account for changes in fuel moisture, one of the main drivers of variability in fire emissions. From our review and synthesis, we identify key uncertainties and areas of improvement for understanding the magnitude and spatial-temporal patterns of pyrogenic carbon emissions across North America

The role and uses of antibodies in COVID-19 infections: a living review

Coronavirus disease 2019 has generated a rapidly evolving field of research, with the global scientific community striving for solutions to the current pandemic. Characterizing humoral responses towards SARS-CoV-2, as well as closely related strains, will help determine whether antibodies are central to infection control, and aid the design of therapeutics and vaccine candidates. This review outlines the major aspects of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody research to date, with a focus on the various prophylactic and therapeutic uses of antibodies to alleviate disease in addition to the potential of cross-reactive therapies and the implications of long-term immunity

Implementation of Microservices in Fintech Applications Using Expressis Framework

Along with the development of software architecture, the emergence of microservice architecture has become a trend used by developers in recent years. This study aims to analyze the implementation of microservices in Fintech applications using the ExpressJs framework. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. This study uses a library research method that refers to resources available both online and offline such as: scientific journals, books and news sourced from trusted sources. The method used in making the application is DevOps. In this method, there are eight stages of software development, plan, code, build, test, release, deploy, operate, monitor. Based on the discussion and testing that has been carried out, several conclusions can be drawn namely microservice makes application development easier and more flexible by adding services as needed. Make it easier for other applications to access services that have been made via HTTP Requests, another thing is to facilitate application integration between platforms, both mobile, web and desktop

Maternal death related to IVF in the Netherlands 1984-2008

BACKGROUND: We assessed all deaths in the Netherlands that might have been related to IVF or to an IVF pregnancy in order to investigate this most serious complication. METHODS: All deaths related to IVF, within 1 year after IVF, from 1984 to 2008 were collected by sending a letter to all gynaecologists, and by retrieving data from a large cohort study examining the late effects of ovarian stimulation (OMEGA) and from the Dutch Maternal Mortality Committee. RESULTS: Six deaths were directly related to IVF (6/100,000), 17 deaths were directly related to the IVF pregnancy (42.5/100,000) and eight deaths were neither related to the IVF nor to the IVF-related pregnancy. The overall mortality in patients undergoing IVF procedures was lower than in the general population, whereas the overall mortality related to IVF pregnancies was higher than the maternal mortality in the general population. CONCLUSION: The decreased mortality is probably the result of a 'healthy female effect' in women undergoing IVF. The high maternal mortality in IVF pregnancies is probably related to the high number of multiple pregnancies and to the fact that (donor egg) IVF is successfully used in women who are older. The fact that only a few deaths directly related to IVF are reported in the literature whereas we observed six in the Netherlands indicates worldwide under-reporting of IVF-related mortality. We underline the importance of reporting all lethal cases to the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology Committee 'Safety and Quality after IVF'

The effect of twin-to-twin interval on neonatal outcome of the second twin

Research into fetal development and medicin