1,726 research outputs found
Extreme Sensitivity of the Superconducting State in Thin Films
All non-interacting two-dimensional electronic systems are expected to
exhibit an insulating ground state. This conspicuous absence of the metallic
phase has been challenged only in the case of low-disorder, low density,
semiconducting systems where strong interactions dominate the electronic state.
Unexpectedly, over the last two decades, there have been multiple reports on
the observation of a state with metallic characteristics on a variety of
thin-film superconductors. To date, no theoretical explanation has been able to
fully capture the existence of such a state for the large variety of
superconductors exhibiting it. Here we show that for two very different
thin-film superconductors, amorphous indium-oxide and a single-crystal of
2H-NbSe2, this metallic state can be eliminated by filtering external
radiation. Our results show that these superconducting films are extremely
sensitive to external perturbations leading to the suppression of
superconductivity and the appearance of temperature independent, metallic like,
transport at low temperatures. We relate the extreme sensitivity to the
theoretical observation that, in two-dimensions, superconductivity is only
marginally stable.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure
Outcomes of a four-year specialist-taught physical education program on physical activity: a cluster randomized controlled trial, the LOOK study
Dynamical Friction in dE Globular Cluster Systems
The dynamical friction timescale for globular clusters to sink to the center
of a dwarf elliptical galaxy (dE) is significantly less than a Hubble time if
the halos have King-model or isothermal profiles and the globular clusters
formed with the same radial density profile as the underlying stellar
population. We examine the summed radial distribution of the entire globular
cluster systems and the bright globular cluster candidates in 51 Virgo and
Fornax Cluster dEs for evidence of dynamical friction processes. We find that
the summed distribution of the entire globular cluster population closely
follows the exponential profile of the underlying stellar population. However,
there is a deficit of bright clusters within the central regions of dEs
(excluding the nuclei), perhaps due to the orbital decay of these massive
clusters into the dE cores. We also predict the magnitude of each dE's nucleus
assuming the nuclei form via dynamical friction. The observed trend of
decreasing nuclear luminosity with decreasing dE luminosity is much stronger
than predicted if the nuclei formed via simple dynamical friction processes. We
find that the bright dE nuclei could have been formed from the merger of
orbitally decayed massive clusters, but the faint nuclei are several magnitudes
fainter than expected. These faint nuclei are found primarily in M_V > -14 dEs
which have high globular cluster specific frequencies and extended globular
cluster systems. In these galaxies, supernovae-driven winds, high central dark
matter densities, extended dark matter halos, the formation of new star
clusters, or tidal interactions may act to prevent dynamical friction from
collapsing the entire globular cluster population into a single bright nucleus.Comment: 15 pages, 2 tables, 7 figures; to appear in the Astrophysical
Journal, April 20, 200
Effects of climate-induced changes in isoprene emissions after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo
In the 1990s the rates of increase of greenhouse gas concentrations, most notably of methane, were observed to change, for reasons that have yet to be fully determined. This period included the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo and an El Nino warm event, both of which affect biogeochemical processes, by changes in temperature, precipitation and radiation. We examine the impact of these changes in climate on global isoprene emissions and the effect these climate dependent emissions have on the hydroxy radical, OH, the dominant sink for methane. We model a reduction of isoprene emissions in the early 1990s, with a maximum decrease of 40 Tg(C)/yr in late 1992 and early 1993, a change of 9%. This reduction is caused by the cooler, drier conditions following the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo. Isoprene emissions are reduced both directly, by changes in temperature and a soil moisture dependent suppression factor, and indirectly, through reductions in the total biomass. The reduction in isoprene emissions causes increases of tropospheric OH which lead to an increased sink for methane of up to 5 Tg(CH4)/year, comparable to estimated source changes over the time period studied. There remain many uncertainties in the emission and oxidation of isoprene which may affect the exact size of this effect, but its magnitude is large enough that it should remain important
The role of hole transport between dyes in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells
In dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs)
photogenerated positive charges
are normally considered to be carried away from the dyes by a separate
phase of hole-transporting material (HTM). We show that there can
also be significant transport within the dye monolayer itself before
the hole reaches the HTM. We quantify the fraction of dye regeneration
in solid-state DSSCs that can be attributed to this process. By using
cyclic voltammetry and transient anisotropy spectroscopy, we demonstrate
that the rate of interdye hole transport is prevented both on micrometer
and nanometer length scales by reducing the dye loading on the TiO<sub>2</sub> surface. The dye regeneration yield is quantified for films
with high and low dye loadings (with and without hole percolation
in the dye monolayer) infiltrated with varying levels of HTM. Interdye
hole transport can account for >50% of the overall dye regeneration
with low HTM pore filling. This is reduced to about 5% when the infiltration
of the HTM in the pores is optimized in 2 μm thick films. Finally,
we use hole transport in the dye monolayer to characterize the spatial
distribution of the HTM phase in the pores of the dyed mesoporous
TiO<sub>2</sub>
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