Spontaneous symmetry breaking, and strings defects in hypercomplex gauge field theories

Inspired by the appearance of split-complex structures in the dimensional reduction of string theory, and in the theories emerging as byproducts, we study the hyper-complex formulation of Abelian gauge field theories, by incorporating a new complex unit to the usual complex one. The hypercomplex version of the traditional Mexican hat potential associated with the $U(1)$ gauge field theory, corresponds to a {\it hybrid} potential with two real components, and with $U(1)\times SO(1,1)$ as symmetry group. Each component corresponds to a deformation of the hat potential, with the appearance of a new degenerate vacuum. Hypercomplex electrodynamics will show novel properties, such as the spontaneous symmetry breaking scenarios with running masses for the vectorial and scalar Higgs fields, and the Aharonov-Bohm type strings defects as exact solutions; these topological defects may be detected only by quantum interference of charged particles through gauge invariant loop integrals. In a particular limit, the {\it hyperbolic} electrodynamics does not admit topological defects associated with continuous symmetriesComment: 40 page

Embedding corporate responsibility through effective organizational structures

Abstract Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to explore the ways in which companies are embedding the corporate responsibility function in different organizational structures, and to identify, when possible, best practices related to organizational structures which have proved effective in managing corporate responsibility that can be applied by any organization, regardless of size or industry sector. Design/methodology/approach -The authors developed and applied a methodology, in the form of a questionnaire, covering more than 40 aspects to describe what companies are doing to integrate the corporate responsibility function in their organizational structures. The design of the survey was based on available literature as well as their own professional experience answering questions commonly received from clients in Latin America. The questionnaire was then applied to a small sample using companies' public information from reports and company web sites. Findings -The application of the questionnaire on a sample of Chilean companies using their public information tested the tool as valid and fit for the designed purpose. The main conclusions were that CSR structuring and CSR strategies are both strongly associated with the size of the company in terms of number of employees and revenues. Originality/value -Many questions arise when the task of implementing CSR is proposed and Latin American companies are trying to apply best practices by learning from the experience of companies with longer histories in CSR matters. However, trends are not uniform and different organizations are taking a variety of pathways in the process of CSR implementation. This paper offers a general vision of how companies are making the effort to implement CSR best practices, in terms of structure, strategy and scorecard; and presents a simple tool to assess the gaps, if any, in the effective embedding of corporate responsibility on organizational structures

Dark energy constraints from quasar observations

Recent measurements of the parameters of the Concordance Cosmology Model ($\Lambda$CDM) done in the low-redshift Universe with Supernovae Ia/Cepheids, and in the distant Universe done with Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) imply different values for the Hubble constant (67.4 $\pm$ 0.5 km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$ from Planck vs 74.03 $\pm$ 1.42 km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$, Riess et al. 2019). This Hubble constant tension implies that either the systematic errors are underestimated, or the $\Lambda$CDM does not represent well the observed expansion of the Universe. Since quasars - active galactic nuclei - can be observed in the nearby Universe up to redshift z $\sim$ 7.5, they are suitable to estimate the cosmological properties in a large redshift range. Our group develops two methods based on the observations of quasars in the late Universe up to redshift z$\sim$4.5, with the objective to determine the expansion rate of the Universe. These methods do not yet provide an independent measurement of the Hubble constant since they do not have firm absolute calibration but they allow to test the $\Lambda$CDM model, and so far no departures from this model were found.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures, contribution to the Proceedings of the 100 years of the Polish Physical Society Congress, 16-18 October 2020, Warsaw, Poland. http://info.ifpan.edu.pl/APP

Sobre el problema inverso de difusión

Infiltration is physically described in order to model it as a diffusion stochasticprocess. Theorem M-B 1 is enunciated; whose main objective is the inverse diffusionproblem. The theorem is demonstrated in the specific context of solution injectability,and it is applied to solve the inverse diffusion problem in the presence of Boltzmann’sgroup. The inverse problem of the similarity exponent is solved following group analysismethods. The dispersion of a water drop in a three-dimensional porous medium isapplied; a result which in turn is applicable to drop irrigation.Keywords: inverse problems, group analysis of differential equations, similarity, fractals,diffusion, porous medium.Se describe f´?sicamente la infiltracci´on para modelarla como un proceso estoc´asticode difusi´on. Se enuncia el teorema M-B 1, cuyo objeto principal es el problema inversode difusi´on. Se demuestra dicho teorema, en el contexto particular de la inyectividadde la soluci´on y se aplica para resolver el problema inverso de difusi´on en presencia delgrupo de Boltzmann. Se resuelve el problema inverso del exponente de similaridad porlos m´etodos del an´alisis de grupo. Se aplica a la dispersi´on de una gota en un medioporoso tridimensional, resultado a su vez aplicable en el caso del riego por goteo.Palabras clave: Problemas inversos, an´alisis de grupo de ecuaciones diferenciales, similaridad,fractales, difusi´on, medios porosos

Metodología para la determinación de disponibilidad y déficit de agua superficial en cuencas hidrológicas: aplicación al caso de la normativa mexicana

La existencia de disponibilidad media anual de agu superficial, conforme a la Leyde Aguas Nacionales mexicana, es condicionante para la autorización de nuevasconcesiones o asignaciones en una cuenca. La norma oficial mexicana NOM-011-CNA-2000 establece el procedimiento base para su determinación. Aunque elconcepto de déficit es opuesto al de disponibilidad, en la actualidad el primeroestá implícito en el segundo en la norma mexicana. En este trabajo se analizanambos conceptos, y se presenta un planteamiento matemático general y consistente,que permite determinar ambos de manera independiente; incluso se contempladescomponer el déficit total en interno y externo. Se demuestra la funcionalidadconceptual y numérica de la metodología que se propone a través de su aplicaciónal caso de la cuenca del río Bravo, que se presenta como ejemplo demostrativo. Elprocedimiento desarrollado es aplicable a cualquier cuenca, sin importar en qué paísse localice, y facilita la interpretación de los estudios de disponibilidad por parte dela sociedad, así como su uso para fines de planificación hídrica. De incorporarse losresultados de este trabajo en la NOM-011-CNA-2000, se contribuiría a enriquecereste importante instrumento normativo en México

Modelo Multifractal Aplicado al Riego

We define the binomial multifractal distribution as an expression of a law of small numbers. We studied a form of evaluation or design of a distribution system in an irrigation district by determining its conduction capacity with the desired flexibility knowing the following parameters: flow, frequency, and irrigation time. The method consists of the approximation of the binomial distribution through the Gaussian, an inverse relation of probability, two estimations of Gaussian parameters, and the application of the multifractal distribution. We present the mathematical reformulation of Boltzmann relation in the statistical mechanics, which gives origin to the multifractal model. In particular, we illustrate its application in the problems of irrigation,  pointing out that it is also possible to apply it to multifractal models: variogram, exponential, gamma, and Gaussian.Definimos la distribución multifractal binomial, como expresión de una ley de los pequeños números. Estudiamos una forma de evaluación o de diseño de un sistema de distribución en un distrito de riego, al determinar su capacidad de conducción con la flexibilidad deseada, conociendo los parámetros de gasto, frecuencia y tiempo de riego. El método es la aproximación de la distribución binomial por la Gaussiana, una relación inversa de probabilidad, dos estimaciones de parámetros Gaussianos, y la aplicación de la distribución multifractal. Presentamos la reformulación matemática de la relación de Boltzmann en la mecánica estadística, que da origen al modelo multifractal. En particular, ilustramos su aplicación en el problema del riego. Pero también es posible aplicarlo a los modelos multifractales: variograma, exponencial, gama, y Gaussiano

The contribution of financial entities to the sustainable development through the reporting of corporate social responsibility information

This paper aims at examining the relationship between board composition and corporate social responsibility (CSR) of a sample of listed financial entities, discussing the driving reasons of these entities to disclose CSR information. We hypothesize that there is a positive association between outside (institutional and independent directors) and female directors and CSR disclosure and a negative relationship between inside directors and CSR reporting. Our findings provide evidence that the proportions of independent directors and female directors on boards encourage CSR disclosure. Moreover, the results also show that the proportions of inside directors and institutional directors on boards do not have influence on CSR reporting. Thus, our evidence suggests that board attributes such as independent and female directors encourage financial entities to report CSR matters, showing the effectiveness of these two corporate governance mechanisms. The paper shed light on the influence of board structure of financial entities on CSR disclosure. Therefore, this study contributes to past research by providing an index to measure CSR disclosure of financial entities and the importance of the distinction between outside and inside directors

ASPERGILOSIS DISEMINADA CON IMPORTANTE AFECTACION CUTANEA

La Aspergilosis es una infección micótica oportunista que afecta principalmente a pacientes inmunodeprimidos con neutropenia, en quienes produce a menudo enfermedad invasiva de curso fulminante. Las manifestaciones cutáneas de la Aspergilosis son infrecuentes, apareciendo en el 5 a 10% de los casos diseminados.Comunicamos un caso de Aspergilosis en una mujer adulta con neutropenia severa por enfermedad hematológica, con afectación pulmonar y sinusal, que presenta múltiples lesiones ulceronecróticas en piel y mucosas, con evolución fatal.Las lesiones mucocutáneas de la Aspergilosis no son específicas, obligan a varios diagnósticos diferenciales y, como en este caso, la biopsia para estudio histopatológico y micológico es necesaria para el diagnóstico

Determinación de los parámetros de ablación de contaminantes sobre láminas OHP mediante un láser Nd:YAG y su aplicación en limpieza láser

En este trabajo se determinaron los parámetros para la limpieza por ablación láser de contaminantes depositados mediante atracción electrostática sobre sustratos de láminas de acetato de celulosa (OHP) y su análisis mediante la medición de la transmitancia de la superficie irradiada en función de la energía por pulso de un láser Nd:YAG. La energía fue controlada mediante el tiempo de retraso del Q-switch usando longitudes de onda en la región infrarroja de 1064 nm y luz visible verde de 532 nm. Se utilizó un máximo de 10 pulsos láser con una frecuencia de 1 Hz sobre lo s sustratos con contaminantes con 9 μm y 11 μm de espesor. Se encontró que para la limpieza láser sin daños de sustratos de la s láminas OHP, es conveniente usar una longitud de onda de 1064 nm, con una fluencia de 0.4 J/cm2 y usando un máximo de 6 pulsos. Se verificaron las ventajas de la radiación láser pulsada en la limpieza no destructiva de sustratos con contaminantes y el análisis de la transmitancia del sustrato en el monitoreo de los procesos de interacción láser-materia