3,786 research outputs found
A Global Hypothesis for Women in Journalism and Mass Communications: The Ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum
This paper examines the status of women in communications industries and on university faculties. It specifically tests the Ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum or R3 hypothesis, as developed by Rush in the early 1980s [Rush, Buck & Ogan,1982]. The R3 hypothesis predicts that the percentage of women in the communications industries and on university faculties will follow the ratio residing around 1/4:3/4 or 1/3:2/3 proportion females to males. This paper presents data from a nationwide U.S. survey and compares them to data from global surveys and United Nations reports. The evidence is overwhelming and shows the relevance and validity of the R3 hypothesis across different socio-economic and cultural contexts. The paper argues that the ratio is the outcome of systemic discrimination that operates at multiple levels. The obstacles to achieving equality in the academy as well as media industries are discussed and suggestions for breaking out of the R3 ratio are included.
A Global Hypothesis for Women in Journalism and Mass Communications: The Ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum
This paper examines the status of women in communications industries and on university faculties. It specifically tests the Ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum or R3 hypothesis, as developed by Rush in the early 1980s [Rush, Buck & Ogan,1982]. The R3 hypothesis predicts that the percentage of women in the communications industries and on university faculties will follow the ratio residing around 1/4:3/4 or 1/3:2/3 proportion females to males. This paper presents data from a nationwide U.S. survey and compares them to data from global surveys and United Nations reports. The evidence is overwhelming and shows the relevance and validity of the R3 hypothesis across different socio-economic and cultural contexts. The paper argues that the ratio is the outcome of systemic discrimination that operates at multiple levels. The obstacles to achieving equality in the academy as well as media industries are discussed and suggestions for breaking out of the R3 ratio are included.
Emission Line Properties of Seyfert Galaxies in the 12 Micron Sample
We present spectroscopy of emission lines for 81 Seyfert 1 and 104 Seyfert 2
galaxies in the IRAS 12m galaxy sample. We analyzed the emission-line
luminosity functions, reddening, and other gas diagnostics. The narrow-line
regions (NLR) of Sy1 and 2 galaxies do not significantly differ from each other
in most of these diagnostics. Combining the H/H ratio with a new
reddening indicator-the [SII]6720/[OII]3727 ratio, we find the average
for Sy1s and for Sy2s. The NLR of Sy1
galaxies has only marginally higher ionization than the Sy2s. Our sample
includes 22 Sy1.9s and 1.8s. In their narrow lines, these low-luminosity
Seyferts are more similar to the Sy2s than the Sy1s. We construct a BPT
diagram, and include the Sy1.8s and 1.9s. They overlap the region occupied by
the Sy2s. The C IV equivalent width correlates more strongly with [O
III]/H than with UV luminosity. The Sy1 and Sy2 luminosity functions of
[OII]3727 and [OIII]5007 are indistinguishable. Unlike the LF's of Seyfert
galaxies measured by SDSS, ours are nearly flat at low L. The larger number of
faint Sloan "AGN" is attributable to their inclusion of weakly emitting LINERs
and H II+AGN "composite" nuclei, which do not meet our classification criteria
for Seyferts. An Appendix investigates which emission line luminosities provide
the most reliable measures of the total non-stellar luminosity. The hard X-ray
or near-ultraviolet continuum luminosity can be crudely predicted from either
the [O III]5007 luminosity, or the combination of [O III]+H, or [N
II]+H lines, with a scatter of times for the Sy1s and
times for the Sy2s. The latter two hybrid (NLR+BLR) indicators have
the advantage of predicting the same HX luminosity independent of Seyfert type.Comment: 70 pages, including 15 Figures and 10 Tables. Accepted for
publication in The Astrophysical Journa
Electronic Raman scattering in Magnetite, Spin vs. Charge gap
We report Raman scattering data of single crystals of magnetite (Fe3O4) with
Verwey transition temperatures (Tv) of 123 and 117K, respectively. Both single
crystals reveal broad electronic background extending up to 900 wavenumbers
(~110 meV). Redistribution of this background is observed when samples are
cooled below Tv. In particular, spectra of the low temperature phase show
diminished background below 300 wavenumbers followed by an enhancement of the
electronic background between 300 and 400 wavenumbers. To enhance the effect of
this background redistribution we divide the spectra just below the transition
by the spectra just above the transition. A resultant broad peak-like feature
is observed, centered at 370 wavenumbers (45 meV). The peak position of this
feature does not scale with the transition temperature. We discuss two
alternative assignments of this feature to a spin or charge gap in magnetite.Comment: 4 figures, 1 tabl
Differentiation of Cardiac from Noncardiac Pleural Effusions in Cats using Second-Generation Quantitative and Point-of-Care NT-proBNP Measurements
BACKGROUND: Pleural effusion is a common cause of dyspnea in cats. Nâterminal proâBâtype natriuretic peptide (NTâproBNP) measurement, using a firstâgeneration quantitative ELISA, in plasma and pleural fluid differentiates cardiac from noncardiac causes of pleural effusion. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To determine whether NTâproBNP measurements using secondâgeneration quantitative ELISA and pointâofâcare (POC) tests in plasma and pleural fluid distinguish cardiac from noncardiac pleural effusions and how results compare to the firstâgeneration ELISA. ANIMALS: Thirtyâeight cats (US cohort) and 40 cats (UK cohort) presenting with cardiogenic or noncardiogenic pleural effusion. METHODS: Prospective cohort study. Twentyâone and 17 cats in the US cohort, and 22 and 18 cats in the UK cohort were classified as having cardiac or noncardiac pleural effusion, respectively. NTâproBNP concentrations in paired plasma and pleural fluid samples were measured using secondâgeneration ELISA and POC assays. RESULTS: The secondâgeneration ELISA differentiated cardiac from noncardiac pleural effusion with good diagnostic accuracy (plasma: sensitivity, 95.2%, specificity, 82.4%; pleural fluid: sensitivity, 100%, specificity, 76.5%). NTâproBNP concentrations were greater in pleural fluid (719 pmol/L (134â1500)) than plasma (678 pmol/L (61â1500), P = 0.003), resulting in different cutâoff values depending on the sample type. The POC test had good sensitivity (95.2%) and specificity (87.5%) when using plasma samples. In pleural fluid samples, the POC test had good sensitivity (100%) but low specificity (64.7%). Diagnostic accuracy was similar between firstâ and secondâgeneration ELISA assays. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Measurement of NTâproBNP using a quantitative ELISA in plasma and pleural fluid or POC test in plasma, but not pleural fluid, distinguishes cardiac from noncardiac causes of pleural effusion in cats
Buspirone Maintenance Does Not Alter the Reinforcing, Subjective, and Cardiovascular Effects of Intranasal Methamphetamine
BackgroundâMedications development efforts for methamphetamine-use disorder have targeted central monoamines because these systems are directly involved in the effects of methamphetamine. Buspirone is a dopamine autoreceptor and D3 receptor antagonist and partial agonist at serotonin 1A receptors, making it a logical candidate medication for methamphetamine-use disorder. Buspirone effects on abuse-related behaviors of methamphetamine have been mixed in clinical and preclinical studies. Experimental research using maintenance dosing, which models therapeutic use, is limited. This study evaluated the influence of buspirone maintenance on the reinforcing effects of methamphetamine using a self-administration procedure, which has predictive validity for clinical efficacy. The impact of buspirone maintenance on the subjective and cardiovascular response to methamphetamine was also determined.
MethodsâEight research participants (1 female) reporting recent illicit stimulant use completed a placebo-controlled, crossover, double-blind protocol in which the pharmacodynamic effects of intranasal methamphetamine (0, 15, and 30 mg) were assessed after at least 6 days of buspirone (0 and 45 mg/day) maintenance.
ResultsâIntranasal methamphetamine functioned as a reinforcer and produced prototypical stimulant-like subjective (e.g., increased ratings of Good Effects and Like Drug) and cardiovascular (e.g., elevated blood pressure) effects. These effects of methamphetamine were similar under buspirone and placebo maintenance conditions. Maintenance on buspirone was well tolerated and devoid of effects when administered alone.
ConclusionsâThese data suggest that buspirone is unlikely to be an effective pharmacotherapy for methamphetamine-use disorder. Given the central role of monoamines in methamphetamine-use disorder, it is reasonable for future studies to continue to target these systems
Confusion of Tagged Perturbations in Forward Automatic Differentiation of Higher-Order Functions
Forward Automatic Differentiation (AD) is a technique for augmenting programs
to both perform their original calculation and also compute its directional derivative. The essence of Forward AD is to attach a derivative value to each number,
and propagate these through the computation. When derivatives are nested, the
distinct derivative calculations, and their associated attached values, must be distinguished. In dynamic languages this is typically accomplished by creating a unique
tag for each application of the derivative operator, tagging the attached values, and
overloading the arithmetic operators. We exhibit a subtle bug, present in fielded
implementations, in which perturbations are confused despite the tagging machinery
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