The Implementation of the Global Minimum Tax (GloBE): The Need for an Effective Dispute Prevention and Resolution Mechanism

The successful implementation of the Global Anti-Base Erosion (GloBE) rules on aglobal scale cannot be achieved without an international effective dispute prevention and reso-lution mechanism. However, the development of a dispute prevention and resolution frameworkfor the GloBE rules faces significant challenges. This article offers two possible options for aneffective dispute prevention and resolution mechanism: a model based on reciprocal domesticlegislations and the multilateral convention model

Grover's algorithm on a Feynman computer

We present an implementation of Grover's algorithm in the framework of Feynman's cursor model of a quantum computer. The cursor degrees of freedom act as a quantum clocking mechanism, and allow Grover's algorithm to be performed using a single, time-independent Hamiltonian. We examine issues of locality and resource usage in implementing such a Hamiltonian. In the familiar language of Heisenberg spin-spin coupling, the clocking mechanism appears as an excitation of a basically linear chain of spins, with occasional controlled jumps that allow for motion on a planar graph: in this sense our model implements the idea of "timing" a quantum algorithm using a continuous-time random walk. In this context we examine some consequences of the entanglement between the states of the input/output register and the states of the quantum clock

Structural and Magnetic Investigations of Single-Crystals of the Neodymium Zirconate Pyrochlore, Nd2Zr2O7

We report structural and magnetic properties studies of large high quality single-crystals of the frustrated magnet, Nd$_2$Zr$_2$O$_7$. Powder x-ray diffraction analysis confirms that Nd$_2$Zr$_2$O$_7$ adopts the pyrochlore structure. Room-temperature x-ray diffraction and time-of-flight neutron scattering experiments show that the crystals are stoichiometric in composition with no measurable site disorder. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility shows no magnetic ordering at temperatures down to 0.5 K. Fits to the magnetic susceptibility data using a Curie-Weiss law reveal a ferromagnetic coupling between the Nd moments. Magnetization versus field measurements show a local Ising anisotropy along the axes of the Nd$^{3+}$ ions in the ground state. Specific heat versus temperature measurements in zero applied magnetic field indicate the presence of a thermal anomaly below $T\sim7$ K, but no evidence of magnetic ordering is observed down to 0.5 K. The experimental temperature dependence of the single-crystal bulk dc susceptibility and isothermal magnetization are analyzed using crystal field theory and the crystal field parameters and exchange coupling constants determined.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, 4 tables. Accepted for publication in Physical Review

Gambaran Jumlah Trombosit pada Pasien Kanker Serviks di RSU Dokter Soedarso Tahun 2011-2012

Latar Belakang: Rata Rata satu koma empat juta wanita di-seluruhdunia hidup dengan kanker serviks. Kanker serviks termasuk dari sepuluhbesar kanker penyebab kematian pada wanita di Indonesia. Hasilpenelitian terkini mengindikasikan adanya hubungan antara tingginyajumlah trombosit dengan prognosis yang buruk dari kanker sistemginekologi. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui bagaimanagambaran jumlah trombosit pada pasien kanker serviks. Metodologi:Penelitian adalah penelitian deskriptif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dibagian rekam medis RSU DOKTER SOEDARSO pada tanggal 25 Maretsampai 3 Mei 2013. Data dikumpulkan dari buku registrasi rawat inap danrawat jalan di poli obstetri dan ginekologi di RSU DOKTER SOEDARSO,sampel diambil secara consecutive sampling. Data dianalisis denganstatistik sederhana. Hasil: Ditemukan 39 sampel yang sesuai kriteriainklusi dan eksklusi dengan karakteristik sampel ; usia dengan 42 48tahun (35.9%), pekerjaan ibu rumah tangga (87.2%), dan stadium III/a(43.6%) adalah frekuensi yang tertinggi. Jumlah trombosit yang ditemukanpaling banyak adalah trombositosis (>400.000/ul) (64.1%). Rata-rata nilaitrombosit tertinggi yang ditemukan ada di stadium IV (592.000/ul).Kesimpulan: Distribusi jumlah trombosit terbanyak adalah trombositosis.Keadaan trombositosis mulai ditemukan pada stadium III/a. Nilai trombositmeningkat secara linier dengan stadium kanker serviks

Approximating Fractional Time Quantum Evolution

An algorithm is presented for approximating arbitrary powers of a black box unitary operation, $\mathcal{U}^t$, where $t$ is a real number, and $\mathcal{U}$ is a black box implementing an unknown unitary. The complexity of this algorithm is calculated in terms of the number of calls to the black box, the errors in the approximation, and a certain `gap' parameter. For general $\mathcal{U}$ and large $t$, one should apply $\mathcal{U}$ a total of $\lfloor t \rfloor$ times followed by our procedure for approximating the fractional power $\mathcal{U}^{t-\lfloor t \rfloor}$. An example is also given where for large integers $t$ this method is more efficient than direct application of $t$ copies of $\mathcal{U}$. Further applications and related algorithms are also discussed.Comment: 13 pages, 2 figure

Physical fitness is associated with neural activity during working memory performance in major depressive disorder

Background: Deficits in cognition like working memory (WM) are highly prevalent symptoms related to major depressive disorder (MDD). Neuroimaging studies have described frontoparietal abnormalities in patients with MDD as a basis for these deficits. Based on research in healthy adults, it is hypothesized that increased physical fitness might be a protective factor for these deficits in MDD. However, the relationship between physical fitness and WM-related neural activity and performance has not been tested in MDD, to date. Understanding these associations could inform the development of physical exercise interventions in MDD. Methods: Within a larger project, 111 (53female) MDD outpatients and 56 (34female) healthy controls performed an n-back task (0-, 1-, 2-, 3-back) during functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Physical fitness from a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer was performed by 106 MDD patients. Results: Patients showed reduced performance particularly at high loads of the n-back WM task and prolonged reaction times at all n-back loads. A whole-brain interaction analysis of group by WM load revealed reduced neural activity in six frontoparietal clusters at medium and high WM loads in MDD patients compared to healthy controls. Analysis of covariance within the MDD sample showed that physical fitness was associated with neural activity in right and left superior parietal lobules. Externally defined Regions of Interest confirmed this analysis. Conclusions: Results indicate frontoparietal hypoactivity in MDD at high demands, arguing for decreased WM capacity. We demonstrate a parietal fitness correlate which could be used to guide future research on effects of exercise on cognitive functioning in MDD