Local charge and spin currents in magnetothermal landscapes

A scannable laser beam is used to generate local thermal gradients in metallic (Co2FeAl) or insulating (Y3Fe5O12) ferromagnetic thin films. We study the resulting local charge and spin currents that arise due to the anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) and the spin Seebeck effect (SSE), respectively. In the local ANE experiments, we detect the voltage in the Co2FeAl thin film plane as a function of the laser spot position and external magnetic field magnitude and orientation. The local SSE effect is detected in a similar fashion by exploiting the inverse spin Hall effect in a Pt layer deposited on top of the Y3Fe5O12. Our findings establish local thermal spin and charge current generation as well as spin caloritronic domain imaging

Electron Spin for Classical Information Processing: A Brief Survey of Spin-Based Logic Devices, Gates and Circuits

In electronics, information has been traditionally stored, processed and communicated using an electron's charge. This paradigm is increasingly turning out to be energy-inefficient, because movement of charge within an information-processing device invariably causes current flow and an associated dissipation. Replacing charge with the "spin" of an electron to encode information may eliminate much of this dissipation and lead to more energy-efficient "green electronics". This realization has spurred significant research in spintronic devices and circuits where spin either directly acts as the physical variable for hosting information or augments the role of charge. In this review article, we discuss and elucidate some of these ideas, and highlight their strengths and weaknesses. Many of them can potentially reduce energy dissipation significantly, but unfortunately are error-prone and unreliable. Moreover, there are serious obstacles to their technological implementation that may be difficult to overcome in the near term. This review addresses three constructs: (1) single devices or binary switches that can be constituents of Boolean logic gates for digital information processing, (2) complete gates that are capable of performing specific Boolean logic operations, and (3) combinational circuits or architectures (equivalent to many gates working in unison) that are capable of performing universal computation.Comment: Topical Revie

Бронхиальная астма: федеральные клинические рекомендации по диагностике и лечению

Bronchial asthma is a heterogeneous disease that requires identification of its phenotype and a personalized approach to therapy. At the same time, despite a wide range of therapeutic options, many patients with asthma cannot achieve control over the disease.Methodology. The target audience of these clinical recommendations are general practitioners, therapists, pediatricians, allergologists-immunologists, pulmonologists, and functional diagnostics doctors. Each thesis-recommendation about diagnostic and therapeutic procedures has been scored according to the scales of classes of recommendations from 1 to 5 and A, B, C scale of the levels of evidence. The clinical recommendations also contain comments and explanations to the theses, algorithms for the diagnosis and treatment of bronchial asthma, and reference materials.Conclusion. The presented clinical guidelines cover current information about the etiology and pathogenesis, classification, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of bronchial asthma. These guidelines were approved by the Scientific and Practical Council of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation in 2021. Бронхиальная астма (БА) является гетерогенным заболеванием, при котором требуется выделение различных фенотипов и персонифицированный подход к терапии. При этом несмотря на широкий выбор терапевтических возможностей, у многих пациентов с БА не удается достичь контроля над заболеванием.Методы. Целевой аудиторией данных клинических рекомендаций являются врачи общей практики, терапевты, педиатры, аллергологи-иммунологи, пульмонологи и врачи функциональной диагностики. Каждый тезис-рекомендация по проведению диагностических и лечебных мероприятий оценивается по шкалам уровней достоверности доказательств от 1 до 5 и шкале оценки уровней убедительности рекомендаций по категориям А, В, С. Клинические рекомендации содержат также комментарии и разъяснения к указанным тезисам-рекомендациям, алгоритмы по диагностике и лечению БА, справочные материалы.Заключение. По данным представленных клинических рекомендаций освещаются современные сведения об этиологии и патогенезе, классификации, клинических проявлениях, диагностике, лечении и профилактике БА. Клинические рекомендации одобрены Научно-практическим Советом Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (2021).

Avoidance of host resistance in the oviposition-site preferences of rose bitterling

A contemporary outcome of dynamic host–parasite coevolution can be driven by the adaptation of a parasite to exploit its hosts at the population and species levels (parasite specialisation) or by local host adaptations leading to greater host resistance to sympatric parasite populations (host resistance). We tested the predominance of these two scenarios using cross-infection experiments with two geographically distant populations of the rose bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus, a fish brood parasite of freshwater mussels, and four populations of their mussel hosts (two Anodonta woodiana and two Unio douglasiae populations) with varying degrees of geographic sympatry and local coexistence. Our data support predictions for host resistance at the species level but no effect of local coexistence between specific populations. Rhodeus ocellatus showed a preference for allopatric host populations, irrespective of host species. Host mussel response, in terms of ejection of R. ocellatus eggs, was stronger in the more widespread and abundant host species (A. woodiana) and this response tended to be higher in sympatric populations. These outcomes provide support for the importance of host resistance in bitterling oviposition-site decisions, demonstrating that host choice by R. ocellatus is adaptive by minimizing egg ejections. These findings imply that R. ocellatus, and potentially other bitterling species, may benefit from exploiting novel hosts, which may not possess appropriate adaptive responses to parasitism

Enzymatic oligomerization and polymerization of arylamines: state of the art and perspectives

The literature concerning the oxidative oligomerization and polymerization of various arylamines, e.g., aniline, substituted anilines, aminonaphthalene and its derivatives, catalyzed by oxidoreductases, such as laccases and peroxidases, in aqueous, organic, and mixed aqueous organic monophasic or biphasic media, is reviewed. An overview of template-free as well as template-assisted enzymatic syntheses of oligomers and polymers of arylamines is given. Special attention is paid to mechanistic aspects of these biocatalytic processes. Because of the nontoxicity of oxidoreductases and their high catalytic efficiency, as well as high selectivity of enzymatic oligomerizations/polymerizations under mild conditions-using mainly water as a solvent and often resulting in minimal byproduct formation-enzymatic oligomerizations and polymerizations of arylamines are environmentally friendly and significantly contribute to a "green'' chemistry of conducting and redox-active oligomers and polymers. Current and potential future applications of enzymatic polymerization processes and enzymatically synthesized oligo/polyarylamines are discussed