Optimization of Residual Stress Measurement Conditions for a 2D Method Using X-ray Diffraction and Its Application for Stainless Steel Treated by Laser Cavitation Peening.

As the fatigue strength of metallic components may be affected by residual stress variation at small length scales, an evaluation method for studying residual stress at sub-mm scale is needed. The sin2ψ method using X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a common method to measure residual stress. However, this method has a lower limit on length scale. In the present study, a method using at a 2D XRD detector with ω-oscillation is proposed, and the measured residual stress obtained by the 2D method is compared to results obtained from the sin2ψ method and the slitting method. The results show that the 2D method can evaluate residual stress in areas with a diameter of 0.2 mm or less in a stainless steel with average grain size of 7 μm. The 2D method was further applied to assess residual stress in the stainless steel after treatment by laser cavitation peening (LCP). The diameter of the laser spot used for LCP was about 0.5 mm, and the stainless steel was treated with evenly spaced laser spots at 4 pulses/mm2. The 2D method revealed fluctuations of LCP-induced residual stress at sub-mm scale that are consistent with fluctuations in the height of the peened surface

Optimization of Residual Stress Measurement Conditions for a 2D Method Using X-ray Diffraction and Its Application for Stainless Steel Treated by Laser Cavitation Peening.

As the fatigue strength of metallic components may be affected by residual stress variation at small length scales, an evaluation method for studying residual stress at sub-mm scale is needed. The sin2ψ method using X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a common method to measure residual stress. However, this method has a lower limit on length scale. In the present study, a method using at a 2D XRD detector with ω-oscillation is proposed, and the measured residual stress obtained by the 2D method is compared to results obtained from the sin2ψ method and the slitting method. The results show that the 2D method can evaluate residual stress in areas with a diameter of 0.2 mm or less in a stainless steel with average grain size of 7 μm. The 2D method was further applied to assess residual stress in the stainless steel after treatment by laser cavitation peening (LCP). The diameter of the laser spot used for LCP was about 0.5 mm, and the stainless steel was treated with evenly spaced laser spots at 4 pulses/mm2. The 2D method revealed fluctuations of LCP-induced residual stress at sub-mm scale that are consistent with fluctuations in the height of the peened surface

Azithromycin Exerts Bactericidal Activity and Enhances Innate Immune Mediated Killing of MDR Achromobacter xylosoxidans

Azithromycin (AZM), the most commonly prescribed antibiotic in the United States, is thought to have no activity against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens such as Achromobacter xylosoxidans (AX) per standard minimum inhibitory concentration testing in cation-adjusted Mueller Hinton Broth. Here we provide the first report of AZM bactericidal activity against carbapenem-resistant isolates of AX, with a multifold decrease in minimum inhibitory concentration across 12 clinical isolates when examined under physiologic testing conditions that better recapitulate the in vivo human environment. This pharmaceutical activity, evident in eukaryotic tissue culture media, is associated with enhanced AZM intracellular penetration and synergistic killing with human whole blood, serum, and neutrophils. Additionally, AZM monotherapy inhibited preformed AX biofilm growth in a dose-dependent manner together with a reduction in viable bacteria. In an illustrative case, AZM in combination with piperacillin-tazobactam exerted clear therapeutic effects in a patient with carbapenem-resistant AX mediastinitis, sternal osteomyelitis, and aortic graft infection. Our study reinforces how current antimicrobial testing practices fail to recapitulate the host environment or host-pathogen interactions and may misleadingly declare complete resistance to useful agents, adversely affecting patient outcomes. We conclude that AZM merits further exploration in the treatment of drug-resistant AX infections. Novel approaches to antimicrobial susceptibility testing that better recapitulate the host environment should be considered, especially as infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial pathogens are expanding globally with high morbidity and mortality.publishedVersio

More than one way to induce a neuron:News and views

status: publishe