ICHTHYOFAUNAL DIVERSITY IN DUGLAPURA LAKE OF CHIKMAGALUR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA

The fishes plays an important role in human health and national economy. The current study was undertaken with the purpose of assessing the fish diversity in Duglapura lake of Chikmagalur district, Karnataka during June to December 2009. The present study has shown that lake supports low fish diversity and hence 12 fish species were recorded belonging to 4 orders, 6 families and 11 genera. Among the families Cyprinidae was the most dominant in the assemblage composition with 58.33% and rest of the families viz., Channidae, Cichlidae, Gobiidae, Notopteridae and Heteropneustidae each with 8.33% respectively. As far as Biodiversity status is concerned (IUCN-1994), 05 fish species are categorized into LR-nt, 3 Not assessed 3 Vulnerable and one as LR-lc respectively. Economic value of fishes is discussed in this paper. Therefore, for the proper management and utilization of this fish wealth, it is necessary to take up the sustainable steps to monitor and conserve this fish health in this lake

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON FISH DIVERSITY IN TWO LENTIC WATER BODIES OF BHADRAVATHI TALUK, KARNATAKA

The fish diversity of the Nagappanakere tank and Kudligere tank in relation to physico-chemical parameters was studied by monthly samples taken from February 2010 to January 2011. In this study, Nagappanakere tank supported 13 fish species belonging to 04 orders, 06 families and 12 genera. While, Kudligere tank supported 18 fish species belonging to 04 orders, 07 families and 15 genera. Among fish families Cyprinidae was dominant in both the water bodies. In Nagappanakere tank as far as biodiversity status (IUCN-1994) is concerned, 03 species is Not assessed (23.08 %), 06 species as lower risk-near threatened (46.15 %), vulnerable 02 species (15.38%), lower risk least concern is one (7.70%) and 01 species included under the category of Data deficient (7.69%). However, in Kudligere tank 01 species is endangered (5.55 %), 07 species as lower risk-near threatened (38.89 %), vulnerable 02 species (11.11%), lower risk least concern is one (5.55%) , 06 species included under the category of Not assessed (33.33%) and 01 species consider as Data deficient with 5.55%. Physico-chemical characteristics responsible for the occurrence and distribution of fishes in these water bodies are discussed. Hence, proper management and utilization of this fish wealth is necessary to take up the sustainable steps to monitor and conserve fish health

Innate Immune Recognition of mtDNA—An Undercover Signal?

In addition to their roles in cellular metabolism and apoptosis, mitochondria function as signaling platforms in the innate immune response. In Nature, West et al. (2015) demonstrate that mitochondrial stress triggers a type I interferon response and confers viral resistance via release of mtDNA and activation of the cGAS–STING pathway

Reactive oxygen species regulate caspase-11 expression and activation of the non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome during enteric pathogen infection

Enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic bacterial infections in humans are a severe cause of morbidity and mortality. Although NOD-like receptors (NLRs) NOD2 and NLRP3 have important roles in the generation of protective immune responses to enteric pathogens, whether there is crosstalk among NLRs to regulate immune signaling is not known. Here, we show that mice and macrophages deficient in NOD2, or the downstream adaptor RIP2, have enhanced NLRP3-and caspases-11-dependent non-canonical inflammasome activation in a mouse model of enteropathogenic Citrobacter rodentium infection. Mechanistically, NOD2 and RIP2 regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Increased ROS in Rip2-deficient macrophages subsequently enhances c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling resulting in increased caspase-11 expression and activation, and more non-canonical NLRP3-dependant inflammasome activation. Intriguingly, this leads to protection of the colon epithelium for up to 10 days in Rip2-deficient mice infected with C. rodentium. Our findings designate NOD2 and RIP2 as key regulators of cellular ROS homeostasis and demonstrate for the first time that ROS regulates caspase-11 expression and non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation through the JNK pathway

Analysis of wave III of brain stem auditory evoked potential waveforms during microvascular decompression of cranial nerve VII for hemifacial spasm

INTRODUCTION:: Intraoperative monitoring of brain stem auditory evoked potential during microvascular decompression (MVD) prevent hearing loss (HL). Previous studies have shown that changes in wave III (wIII) are an early and sensitive sign of auditory nerve injury. OBJECTIVE:: To evaluate the changes of amplitude and latency of wIII of brain stem auditory evoked potential during MVD and its association with postoperative HL. Hearing loss was classified by American Academy of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) criteria, based on changes in pure tone audiometry and speech discrimination score. METHODS:: Retrospective analysis of wIII in patients who underwent intraoperative monitoring with brain stem auditory evoked potential during MVD was performed. A univariate logistic regression analysis was performed on independent variables amplitude of wIII and latency of wIII at change max and On-Skin, or a final recording at the time of skin closure. A further analysis for the same variables was performed adjusting for the loss of wave. RESULTS:: The latency of wIII was not found to be significantly different between groups I and II. The amplitude of wIII was significantly decreased in the group with HL. Regression analysis did not find any increased odds of HL with changes in the amplitude of wIII. CONCLUSIONS:: Changes in wave III did not increase the odds of HL in patients who underwent brain stem auditory evoked potential s during MVD. This information might be valuable to evaluate the value of wIII as an alarm criterion during MVD to prevent HL. © 2014 by the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society

Fungal Chitin Dampens Inflammation through IL-10 Induction Mediated by NOD2 and TLR9 Activation

Funding: JW and NARG thank the Wellcome Trust (080088, 086827, 075470), The Wellcome Trust Strategic Award in Medical Mycology and Fungal Immunology (097377) and the European Union ALLFUN (FP7/2007 2013, HEALTH-2010-260338) for funding. MGN was supported by a Vici grant of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research. AJPB and DMM were funded by STRIFE, ERC-2009-AdG-249793 and AJPB additionally by FINSysB, PITN-GA-2008-214004 and the BBSRC [BB/F00513X/1]. MDL was supported by the MRC (MR/J008230/1). GDB and SV were funded by the Wellcome Trust (086558) and TB and MK were funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Bi 696/3-1; Bi 696/5-2; Bi 696/10-1). MS was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Sch 897/1-3) and the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (R01 DE017514-01). TDK and RKSM were funded by the National Institute of Health (AR056296, AI101935) and the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities (ALSAC). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Diagnostic accuracy of motor evoked potentials to detect neurological deficit during idiopathic scoliosis correction:a systematic review

OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of intraoperative transcranial motor evoked potential (TcMEP) monitoring in predicting an impending neurological deficit during corrective spinal surgery for patients with idiopathic scoliosis (IS). METHODS The authors searched the PubMed and Web of Science database for relevant lists of retrieved reports and/or experiments published from January 1950 through October 2014 for studies on TcMEP monitoring use during IS surgery. The primary analysis of this review fit the operating characteristic into a hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic curve model to determine the efficacy of intraoperative TcMEP-predicted change. RESULTS Twelve studies, with a total of 2102 patients with IS were included. Analysis found an observed incidence of neurological deficits of 1.38% (29/2102) in the sample population. Of the patients who sustained a neurological deficit, 82.8% (24/29) also had irreversible TcMEP change, whereas 17.2% (5/29) did not. The pooled analysis using the bivariate model showed TcMEP change with sensitivity (mean 91% [95% CI 34%-100%]) and specificity (mean 96% [95% CI 92-98%]). The diagnostic odds ratio indicated that it is 250 times more likely to observe significant TcMEP changes in patients who experience a new-onset motor deficit immediately after IS correction surgery (95% CI 11-5767). TcMEP monitoring showed high discriminant ability with an area under the curve of 0.98. CONCLUSIONS A patient with a new neurological deficit resulting from IS surgery was 250 times more likely to have changes in TcMEPs than a patient without new deficit. The authors' findings from 2102 operations in patients with IS show that TcMEP monitoring is a highly sensitive and specific test for detecting new spinal cord injuries in patients undergoing corrective spinal surgery for IS. They could not assess the value of TcMEP monitoring as a therapeutic adjunct owing to the limited data available and their study design

One-step Multiplex Transgenesis via Sleeping Beauty Transposition in Cattle

Genetically modified cattle are important for developing new biomedical models and for an improved understanding of the pathophysiology of zoonotic diseases. However, genome editing and genetic engineering based on somatic cell nuclear transfer suffer from a low overall efficiency. Here, we established a highly efficient one-step multiplex gene transfer system into the bovine genome.Fil: Garrels, Wiebke. Institut für Nutztiergenetik; AlemaniaFil: Talluri, Thirumala R.. Institut für Nutztiergenetik; AlemaniaFil: Apfelbaum, Ronja. Institut für Nutztiergenetik; AlemaniaFil: Carratalá, Yanet P.. Institut für Nutztiergenetik; AlemaniaFil: Bosch, Pablo. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Pötzsch, Kerstin. Paul Ehrlich Institute; AlemaniaFil: Grueso, Esther. Paul Ehrlich Institute; AlemaniaFil: Ivics, Zoltan. Paul Ehrlich Institute; AlemaniaFil: Kues, Wilfred. Institut für Nutztiergenetik; Alemani