A study to assess the exercise heart rate and the level of rate of perceived exertion responses to aerobic exercise training in post CABG individuals

INTRODUCTION: Coronary artery bypass graft surgery is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedure. Supervised exercise programme have been recommended to facilitate recovery immediately after surgery. Cardiac rehabilitation is a widely accepted form of management for patient with cardiac disease. Cardiac rehabilitation is a process of restoring psychological, physical and social functions in people with manifestations of a coronary artery disease. In past 40 years there has been a profound shift from the conservative approach that discouraged physical activity in cardiac patients to one which encourage as much activity as the patients symptoms and medical status allow. In patients who have undergone a coronary artery bypass graft surgery, activities can decrease post surgical stiffness and prevent complications and decrease the incidence of severity of depression and anxiety and also improve self esteem. AIM OF THE STUDY: To assess the exercise heart rate & the level of rate of perceived exertion responses to aerobic exercise in post CABG individuals. NEED FOR THE STUDY: Coronary artery disease is the most common problem being faced by the people in the modern materialistic world. Exercise training increases cardio vascular functional capacity and decreases myocardial oxygen demand at any level of physical activity in apparently healthy persons and in most individuals with cardiovascular with cardiovascular disease. Regular aerobic exercise is required to maintain these training effects. The main aim of the study is to assess the exercise heart rate & the level of rate of perceived exertion responses to aerobic exercise training in post CABG individuals. METHODOLOGY: STUDY SETTING: The study was conducted in the out patient physical therapy department of Government Rajaji Hospital, Madurai. STUDY SAMPLE: Fifteen male CABG patients were selected by purposeful sampling method from Government Rajaji Hospital, Madurai. RESEARCH APPROACH: This study is a prospective study with an experimental same subject research design. CRITERIA FOR SELECTION: Inclusion Criteria: Asymptomatic low risk, uncomplicated male CABG individuals between age groups of 55 -70 years were included who are medically stable, uncomplicated and should have undergone traditional aerobic training for twelve weeks. Exclusion Criteria: Women and patients with the recent symptoms of angina or ischemia are excluded. Smokers and alcoholic patients, and patients with uncontrolled hypertension, dysrythrmias, congestive heart failure, moderate and high risk patients and with other complications are also excluded. RESULTS: Table 1 shows the comparison of exercise heart rate in the first training session to the last training session after 8 weeks. The mean value for exercise heart rate during first training session is noted 86.4, the standard deviation 3.807. The mean value for exercise heart rate during the last training session is noted 83.46, the standard deviation 3.544. The ‘t’ value was calculated to be at highly significant level 11 (P < 0.05). This suggests there is significant difference in exercise heart rate while comparing the first and the last training session. The Bar graph I shows the mean value for the exercise heart rate in the first training session and the mean value in the last training session. The mean value has a significant reduction from 86.4 in the first training session to 83.46 in the last training session. Table II shows the comparison of RPE level in the first training session to the RPE level in last training session after 8 weeks. The mean value for RPE level during the first training session is 12.06 and the standard deviation is noted to be 1.077. The mean value for RPE level during last training session is 9.93 and the standard deviation noted to be 1.06. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: To conclude, the study showed that there was significant reduction in exercise heart rate and RPE levels responses when aerobic exercise training was given to post CABG individuals under going cardiac rehabilitation. There are various evidences that support the effectiveness of aerobic exercise training to post CABG patients. But the efficiency and safety benefits to women, older patients with low aerobic fitness, severe left ventricular dysfunction remain still unclear. Owing to lack of data unavailable, routine application of aerobic exercise training in moderate to high risk cardiac patients cannot be recommended at this time and requires additional study. Further studies can be done to analyse their effects also. This study was done by giving aerobic exercise training 8 weeks initially to produce moderate fatigue and further studies can be done with progressive time & speed used to train patients to volitional fatigue. The period of study is 8 weeks. It can also be aimed to increase the weeks also walking only prescribed other exercise are also included

Edible macrofungi of Edremit Gulf (Balıkesir) in Turkey

Gulf of Edremit is an important center of trade, coupled with its sandy beaches, shores and towns that are surrounded by green olive trees (Ayvalık, Edremit, Burhaniye and Havran). It is also one of the largest districts of Balıkesir Province. Macrofungi are ideal food for people because they have a fairly high content of protein which contains all of the essential amino acids. They are also a source of dietary fibre, and are virtually free of cholesterol. The edible native fungi are cultivated and exported to the markets by many countries. This study was done based on the edible macrofungi specimens collected from Edremit Gulf (Edremit, Havran, Burhaniye) between 2007 and 2009. The collected fungi samples were photographed and their morphological and ecological properties and information gathered from the rural people were noted in the field notebook. Fungi were investigated morphologically in the laboratory, and then samples were dried in the oven to preserve them as herbarium samples. 10 edible fungi species belonging to nine families were identified. Six of them are consumed by local people and sold in local markets.Key words: Edible macrofungi, Edremit Bay, Balıkesir, Turke

Bioefficacy of insecticides used against diamondbackmoth and their potential impact on natural enemies in cauliflower

Field experiments were conducted at two different geographical regions viz., tropical region (Naraseepuram village, Coimbatore) and temperate region (Kookal village, Kotagiri, The Nilgiris) in summer and winter season’s to assess the bioefficacy of insecticides used against Diamondbackmoth (DBM), Plutella xylostella and their potential impact on natural enemies in cauliflower. The results revealed that the diamide insecticides like cyantraniliprole 10.26 OD @ 60 g a.i ha-1, chlorantraniliprole 18.50 SC @ 10 g a.i ha-1 and flubendiamide 20 WG @ 18.24 g a.i ha-1 registered more than 95 percent population reduction over untreated control followed by emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 10 g a.i ha-1 and thiodicarb 75 WP @ 750 g a.i ha-1. Quinalphos 25 EC @ 500 g a.i ha-1and chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 400 g a.i ha-1 were observed as least effective among the treated insecticides. The diamide insecticides recorded considerably less toxic effect on the natural enemies, especially spiders and coccinellids. Population reduction of natural enemies was noticed immediately after insecticide spray but it gradually increased and was recorded on par with the control population. Hence, cyantraniliprole 10.26 OD @ 60 g a.i ha-1, chlorantraniliprole 18.50 SC @ 10 g a.i ha-1 and flubendiamide 20 WG @ 18.24 g a.i ha-1 can be used as potential component in the integrated pest management against DBM in cole crops.

Relationships between Man and Nature in the Paandichi Novel

Our ancestors lived in harmony with nature. Nature is a gift to living beings. The gifts of nature are incalculable, such as the towering mountains, forests, green grasslands, water bodies, fields, trees, plants, vines, and wild animals. Thus, in the novel Paandichi written by Alli Fathima, it is known that the relationship between man and nature is different, such as the natural home of the people of Ponvalakadu Mudukudi, the earthworm laboratory, the natural office, the relationship of the animals, the natural tuber, the relationship between man and earth, the relationship between man and the earth air, the relationship between man and death, the relationship between man and the bird, the relationship between man and the snake, the relationship between man and the bamboo tree, etc

An Ant Colony Optimization For Job Scheduling To Minimize Makespan Time

This paper deals with the makespan minimization for Job Scheduling . Research on optimization techniques of the Job Scheduling Problem (JSP) is one of the most significant and promising areas of an optimization. Instead of the traditional optimization method, this paper presents an investigation into the use of an Ant Colony optimization (ACO) to optimize the JSP. The numerical experiments of ACO were implemented in a small JSP. In the natural environment, the ants have a tremendous ability to team up to find an optimal path to food resources. An ant algorithm stimulates the behavior of ants. The main objective of this paper is to minimize the makespan time of a given set of jobs and achieved optimal results are encroached

Missile Defence and Interceptor Allocation by LVQ-RBFMulti-agent Hybrid Architecture

This paper proposes a solution methodology for a missile defence problem using theatremissile defence (TMD) concept. In the missile defence scenario, the concept of TMD is generallyused for the optimal allocation of interceptors to counter the attack missiles. The problem iscomputationally complex due to the presence of enormous state space. The Learning vectorquantiser–Radial basis function (LVQ-RBF) multi-agent hybrid neural architecture is used as thelearning structure, and Q-learning as the learning method. The LVQ-RBF multi-agent hybridneural architecture overcomes the complex state space issue using the partitioning and weightedlearning approach. The proposed LVQ-RBF multi- agent hybrid architecture improvises thelearning performance by the local and global error criterion. The state space is explored withinitial coarse partitioning by LVQ neural network. The fine partitioning of the state space isperformed using the multi-agent RBF neural network. The discrete reward scheme is used forLVQ-RBF multi-agent hybrid neural architecture. It has a hierarchical architecture which enablesquicker convergence without the loss of accuracy. The simulation of the TMD is performed with500 assets and six priority of assets

Solving Battle Management/Command Control and Communication Problem using Modified BIONET

This paper proposes and implements a neural architecture to solve the weapon allocationproblem in the multi-layer defense scenario using modified BIONET neural network architecture.The presynaptic layer of the modified BIONET reduces the dimensionality of the principal stateequation by partitioning the state space. The post-synaptic layer of the modified BIONET includesthe perceptron Q-learning rule. The cortical layer incorporates L-learning scheme to providebetter exploration over action space. Thus, action selection is effectively made with quickerconvergence of training. The reward scheme in the reinforcement learning is obtained bycalculating the measure of probability of survival. The decision module has been enhanced byincorporating the features corresponding to the battle weapons for effective representation ofthe environment. Thus, the modified BIONET neural architecture is used to increase the efficiencyof assets saved in the simulation and the time complexity is reduced due to the state-spacepartitioning scheme involved in the neural network. The proposed modified BIONET isimplemented in MATLAB and the percentage of assets saved is increased. Also, the trainingtime is drastically reduced. Thus, the modified BIONET resulted in saving more assets with fasterconvergence of learning

PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND IN VITRO ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF PERGULARIA DAEMIA (Forsk.)

Objectives: The in vitro antiinflammatory activity of acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of Pergularia deamia leaf and stem. Methods: The different parts of extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening as per the standard protocols. In vitro anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated by red blood cell (RBC) membrane stabilization, protein denaturation, and antiproteinase methods. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that the presence of carbohydrates, phenol, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, and quinines in acetone extracts of plant. In vitro anti-inflammatory activities were tested using different concentrations of the extracts along with standard drug diclofenac sodium. The maximum anti-inflammatory activities were observed in ethyl acetate extracts of P. daemia. As the concentration of the extracts increased antiinflammatory activity also higher. Conclusion: The plant, therefore, might be considered as a natural source of RBC membrane stabilizers and prevention of protein denaturation, so it is substitute medicine for the management of inflammatory disorder

τ*- GENERALIZED SEMICLOSED SETS IN TOPOLOGICAL SPACES

In this paper, we introduce a new class of sets called -generalized semiclosed sets and -generalized semiopen sets in topological spaces and study some of their properties