Entry Barriers and Competitive Governance

Existing arguments for competitive governance have for the most part considered the free movement of people among many jurisdictions as necessary and sufficient conditions for competition. This paper argues for the importance of entrepreneurial entry and suggests that barriers to entry should be seen as the primary impediment to robust and effective competition in the market for governance. Competitive entry allows for many policy and institutional ideas to be tested in parallel, leading to perpetual innovation in the market for governance. Low-cost entry also protects against the risks of centralization, collusion, and institutional inertia. This argument provides support for proposals aiming to create new jurisdictions or enable the creation of new non-territorial governance providers, as well as providing insight into the desirability and feasibility of each such proposal

A Latency-Aware Real-Time Video Surveillance Demo: Network Slicing for Improving Public Safety

© 2021 IEEE.  Personal use of this material is permitted.  Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other worksWe report the automated deployment of 5G services across a latency-aware, semidisaggregated, and virtualized metro network. We summarize the key findings in a detailed analysis of end-to-end latency, service setup time, and soft-failure detection timeThe research leading to these results has received funding from the EC and BMBF through the METRO-HAUL project (G.A. No. 761727) and OTB-5G+ project (reference No. 16KIS0979K

Different responses of the blockade of the P2Y1 receptor with BPTU in human and porcine intestinal tissues and in cell cultures

Background: Gastrointestinal smooth muscle relaxation is accomplished by activation of P2Y 1 receptors, therefore this receptor plays an important role in regulation of gut motility. Recently, BPTU was developed as a negative allosteric modulator of the P2Y 1 receptor. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of BPTU on purinergic neurotransmission in pig and human gastrointestinal tissues. Methods: Ca 2+ imaging in tSA201 cells that express the human P2Y 1 receptor, organ bath and microelectrodes in tissues were used to evaluate the effects of BPTU on purinergic responses. Key results: BPTU concentration dependently (0.1 and 1 µmol L −1) inhibited the rise in intracellular Ca 2+ evoked by ADP in tSA201 cells. In the pig small intestine, 30 µmol L −1 BPTU reduced the fast inhibitory junction potential by 80%. Smooth muscle relaxations induced by electrical field stimulation were reduced both in pig ileum (EC 50 = 6 µmol L −1) and colon (EC 50 = 35 µmol L −1), but high concentrations of BPTU (up to 100 µmol L −1) had no effect on human colonic muscle. MRS2500 (1 µmol L −1) abolished all responses. Finally, 10 µmol L −1 ADPβS inhibited spontaneous motility and this was partially reversed by 30 µmol L −1 BPTU in pig, but not human colonic tissue and abolished by MRS2500 (1 µmol L −1). Conclusions & inferences: BPTU blocks purinergic responses elicited via P2Y 1 receptors in cell cultures and in pig gastrointestinal tissue. However, the concentrations needed are higher in pig tissue compared to cell cultures and BPTU was ineffective in human colonic tissue

Design and Function of a Dendrimer-Based Therapeutic Nanodevice Targeted to Tumor Cells Through the Folate Receptor

Purpose . We sought to develop nanoscale drug delivery materials that would allow targeted intracellular delivery while having an imaging capability for tracking uptake of the material. A complex nanodevice was designed and synthesized that targets tumor cells through the folate receptor.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/41493/1/11095_2004_Article_378868.pd

Should we consider Dupuytren's contracture as work-related? A review and meta-analysis of an old debate

International audienceABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: In view of the conflicting opinions published, a meta-analysis was undertaken on epidemiological studies in order to assess any association between Dupuytren's contracture and work exposure. METHODS: Using the key words: "occupational disease", "work" and "Dupuytren contracture" without limitation on language or year of publication, epidemiological studies were selected from four databases (Pub-Med, Embase, Web of science, BDSP) after two rounds (valid control group, valid work exposure). A quality assessment list was constructed and used to isolate papers with high quality methodological criteria (scores of 13 or above, HQMC). Relevant associations between manual work, vibration exposure (at work) and Dupuytren's contracture were extracted from the articles and a metarisk calculated using the generic variance approach (meta-odds ratios, meta-OR). RESULTS: From 1951 to 2007, 14 epidemiological studies (including 2 cohort studies, 3 case-control studies, and 9 cross-sectional studies/ population surveys) were included. Two different results could be extracted from five studies (based on different types of exposure), leading to 19 results, 12 for manual work (9 studies), and 7 for vibration exposure (5 studies). Six studies met the HQMC, yielding 9 results, 5 for manual work and 4 for vibration exposure. Five studies found a dose-response relationship. The meta-OR for manual work was 2.02[1.57;2.60] (HQMC studies only: 2.01[1.51;2.66]), and the meta-OR for vibration exposure was 2.88 [1.36;6.07] (HQMC studies only: 2.14[1.59;2.88]). CONCLUSION: These results support the hypothesis of an association between high levels of work exposure (manual work and vibration exposure) and Dupuytren's contracture in certain cases

Assessing the barriers to image‐guided drug delivery

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/102084/1/wnan1247.pd

Biogenic and Synthetic Polyamines Bind Cationic Dendrimers

Biogenic polyamines are essential for cell growth and differentiation, while polyamine analogues exert antitumor activity in multiple experimental model systems, including breast and lung cancer. Dendrimers are widely used for drug delivery in vitro and in vivo. We report the bindings of biogenic polyamines, spermine (spm), and spermidine (spmd), and their synthetic analogues, 3,7,11,15-tetrazaheptadecane.4HCl (BE-333) and 3,7,11,15,19-pentazahenicosane.5HCl (BE-3333) to dendrimers of different compositions, mPEG-PAMAM (G3), mPEG-PAMAM (G4) and PAMAM (G4). FTIR and UV-visible spectroscopic methods as well as molecular modeling were used to analyze polyamine binding mode, the binding constant and the effects of polyamine complexation on dendrimer stability and conformation. Structural analysis showed that polyamines bound dendrimers through both hydrophobic and hydrophilic contacts with overall binding constants of Kspm-mPEG-G3 = 7.6×104 M−1, Kspm-mPEG-PAMAM-G4 = 4.6×104 M−1, Kspm-PAMAM-G4 = 6.6×104 M−1, Kspmd-mPEG-G3 = 1.0×105 M−1, Kspmd-mPEG-PAMAM-G4 = 5.5×104 M−1, Kspmd-PAMAM-G4 = 9.2×104 M−1, KBE-333-mPEG-G3 = 4.2×104 M−1, KBe-333-mPEG-PAMAM-G4 = 3.2×104 M−1, KBE-333-PAMAM-G4 = 3.6×104 M−1, KBE-3333-mPEG-G3 = 2.2×104 M−1, KBe-3333-mPEG-PAMAM-G4 = 2.4×104 M−1, KBE-3333-PAMAM-G4 = 2.3×104 M−1. Biogenic polyamines showed stronger affinity toward dendrimers than those of synthetic polyamines, while weaker interaction was observed as polyamine cationic charges increased. The free binding energies calculated from docking studies were: −3.2 (spermine), −3.5 (spermidine) and −3.03 (BE-3333) kcal/mol, with the following order of binding affinity: spermidine-PAMAM-G-4>spermine-PAMMAM-G4>BE-3333-PAMAM-G4 consistent with spectroscopic data. Our results suggest that dendrimers can act as carrier vehicles for delivering antitumor polyamine analogues to target tissues

MI 48084-5353 (formerly Technical Fellow at General Motors Research), [email protected]. John R. Hauser is the Kirin Professor of Marketing

Abstract Researchers and practitioners devote substantial effort to targeting banner advertisements, but less effort on how to communicate with consumers once targeted. Morphing enables a website to learn (actively and near optimally) which banner advertisements to serve to each cognitive-style segment in order to maximize click-through, brand consideration, and purchase. Cognitive-style segments are identified automatically from consumers' clickstreams. This paper describes the first large-sample random-assignment field-test of banner morphing -over 100,000 consumers viewing over 450,000 banners on CNET.com. On relevant webpages, CNET's click-through rates almost doubled relative to control banners. We supplement the CNET field test with a focused experiment on an automotive information-andrecommendation website. The focused experiment replaces automated learning with a longitudinal design to test the premise of morph-to-segment matching. Banners matched to cognitive styles, as well as the stage of the consumer's buying process and body-type preference, significantly increase click-through rates, brand consideration, and purchase likelihood relative to a control. Together the field and the focused experiments demonstrate that matching cognitive styles provide significant benefits above and beyond more-traditional targeting. Such improved banner effectiveness has strategic implications for allocations among media