FP-tree and COFI Based Approach for Mining of Multiple Level Association Rules in Large Databases

In recent years, discovery of association rules among itemsets in a large database has been described as an important database-mining problem. The problem of discovering association rules has received considerable research attention and several algorithms for mining frequent itemsets have been developed. Many algorithms have been proposed to discover rules at single concept level. However, mining association rules at multiple concept levels may lead to the discovery of more specific and concrete knowledge from data. The discovery of multiple level association rules is very much useful in many applications. In most of the studies for multiple level association rule mining, the database is scanned repeatedly which affects the efficiency of mining process. In this research paper, a new method for discovering multilevel association rules is proposed. It is based on FP-tree structure and uses cooccurrence frequent item tree to find frequent items in multilevel concept hierarchy.Comment: Pages IEEE format, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, IJCSIS, Vol. 7 No. 2, February 2010, USA. ISSN 1947 5500, http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis

Oxidative stress specifically downregulates survivin to promote breast tumour formation.

BackgroundBreast cancer, a heterogeneous disease has been broadly classified into oestrogen receptor positive (ER+) or oestrogen receptor negative (ER-) tumour types. Each of these tumours is dependent on specific signalling pathways for their progression. While high levels of survivin, an anti-apoptotic protein, increases aggressive behaviour in ER- breast tumours, oxidative stress (OS) promotes the progression of ER+ breast tumours. Mechanisms and molecular targets by which OS promotes tumourigenesis remain poorly understood.ResultsDETA-NONOate, a nitric oxide (NO)-donor induces OS in breast cancer cell lines by early re-localisation and downregulation of cellular survivin. Using in vivo models of HMLE(HRAS) xenografts and E2-induced breast tumours in ACI rats, we demonstrate that high OS downregulates survivin during initiation of tumourigenesis. Overexpression of survivin in HMLE(HRAS) cells led to a significant delay in tumour initiation and tumour volume in nude mice. This inverse relationship between survivin and OS was also observed in ER+ human breast tumours. We also demonstrate an upregulation of NADPH oxidase-1 (NOX1) and its activating protein p67, which are novel markers of OS in E2-induced tumours in ACI rats and as well as in ER+ human breast tumours.ConclusionOur data, therefore, suggest that downregulation of survivin could be an important early event by which OS initiates breast tumour formation

An economic analysis of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivation in eastern zone of Haryana (India) under polyhouse and open field condition

The study was conducted in north zone of Haryana (India) state to find out the economic analysis of cucumber cultivation under polyhouse and open field condition. The primary data was collected by personal interview of the selected respondents with the help of well-designed and pre tested schedule. Simple statistical tools like average and percentage were used to calculate the economics of the crop. In the present study, it was found that the cost of cultivation of cucumber per acre under polyhouse was Rs. 283684.40 while in case of open field condition it was Rs. 98003.39. In case of production and net returns, it was higher per acre in polyhouse; 245.47 quintal and Rs. 97138.68, respectively. Present study concluded that yield and income of farmers can be increased with help of polyhouse technology in case of cucumber cultivation

Effect of Neemta 2100 toxicity on acetylcholinesterase and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase enzymes in serum of fish, Oreochromis mossambicus

Acetylcholinesterase and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase enzymes have been used as marker monitoring the effect of neem seed based pesticide Neemta 2100 on the fish, Oreochromis mossambicus. Fishes exposed to sublethal concentrations of Neemta 2100 for acute periods of 24 and 48 hours were sacrificed to determine enzyme activities in serum affected due to toxicity. Laboratory studies of in vivo exposure of this pesticide showed synergistic inhibitory effect during acute period of toxicity. Acetylcholinesterase was noticed as 6.25 µm substrate hydrolyzed/mg protein/hour and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase was noticed as 36.71 µm substrate hydrolyzed/mg protein/hour in control fish serum. Significant decrease in GOT level in Neemta 2100 treated fishes after short term exposure indicated its severe toxicity to fish

MYCOSYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES: CHARACTERIZATION, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY FROM PLEUROTUS FLORIDA (MONT) SINGER: A MACRO FUNGI

  Objective: To determine the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of myco-synthesized silver nanoparticle (AgNP) from Pleurotus florida. Methods: Fresh mushrooms were collected, processed, and the AgNPs were synthesized using standard reducing agent 1 mM of silver nitrate. The characteristics of synthesized particles were confirmed using ultraviolet, Fourier transmission infrared, X-ray diffraction, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. These nanoparticles were subjected for antioxidant activity through 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and anti-inflammatory activity using bovine serum albumin denaturation assay, respectively, and the percentage of inhibition of AgNPs was calculated with standard error mean.Results: The AgNPs were recorded the absorbance band at 410 nm was the particle size of 20-50 nm with a rod in shape. In DPPH assay the antioxidant activity was recorded as 96.2% with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 85 μg/ml. In anti-inflammatory activity, the activity was recorded as 92.10±0.005% and IC50 value was recorded as 100 μg/ml.Conclusion: The results indicated the significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of AgNPs from P. florida. Hence, further in vivo studies are focused to confirm the anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities

Economics analysis of tomato cultivation under poly house and open field conditions in Haryana, India

In the present paper an attempt has been made to study the comparative economics of tomato cultivation under poly house and open field conditions in Karnal district, Haryana. Production and marketing constraints under poly house cultivation have also been identified. The primary data for the agriculture year 2013-14 were collected by personal interviews of the selected farmers with the help of a specially designed schedule. Simple statistical tool like Averages and percentages were used to compare, contrast and interpret the results properly. The overall findings of the study reveal that the cost of cultivation of tomato under poly houses was higher by Rs. 206816.90/acre as com-pared to open field conditions. At the same time, the net returns under poly houses were higher by Rs. 51097.54/acre. Farmers realized 53.71 % higher yield of tomato under poly house as compared to open field conditions. The gross return, returns over variable cost and net return were also higher by 106.94 %, 160.70 % and 48.70 %, respectively in case of poly house as compared to open field conditions. The results of the study also revealed that the tomato cultivation under poly houses has significantly contributed to the yield

Does size matter? The benefits and challenges of voluntary sector partnerships in dementia service provision for South Asian communities in England

YesIn response to the need for improved access to dementia services for minority ethnic communities, the Alzheimer’s Society piloted, in 2014, the Information Programme for South Asian Families (IPSAF), an adapted version of its existing course for carers. It delivered this in partnership with local black and minority ethnic community and faith organisations, a new approach for the Alzheimer’s Society. In most cases, the partnerships formed were strong and effective, and have given rise to ongoing plans for joint working that bring benefits to both the local organisations and the Alzheimer’s Society. However, the current realities of UK voluntary and community sector dynamics raise questions of ownership and issues around how to establish genuine partnerships. In this article, we reflect on what the IPSAF experience indicates about the potential for equitable partnerships between small and large organisations, and draw out lessons for building effective, mutually beneficial relationships

Contribution of macrophages to fetomaternal immunological tolerance

The semi-allogeneic fetus develops in a uniquely immune tolerant environment within the uterus. For successful pregnancy, both the innate and adaptive immune systems must favor acceptance of the fetal allograft. Macrophages are the second most abundant immune cells after natural killer (NK) cells in the decidua. In coordination with decidual NK cells and dendritic cells, macrophages aid in implantation, vascular remodeling, placental development, immune tolerance to placental cells, and maintenance of tissue homeostasis at the maternal-fetal interface. Decidual macrophages show the classical activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) phenotypes under the influence of the local milieu of growth factors and cytokines, and appropriate temporal regulation of the M1/M2 switch is vital for successful pregnancy. Disturbances in the mechanisms that control the M1/M2 balance and associated functions during pregnancy can trigger a spectrum of pregnancy complications ranging from preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction to preterm delivery. This review addresses various mechanisms of tolerance, focusing on the basic biology of macrophages, their plasticity and polarization, and their protective roles at the immune-privileged maternal-fetal interface, including direct and indirect roles in promoting fetomaternal immune tolerance